From fb05e1c64c1e94460e85c233a51db4920efd7cd4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: mcgratta Date: Wed, 31 Dec 2025 13:28:42 -0500 Subject: [PATCH] FDS Manuals: Add DoIs to FDS_general.bib --- Manuals/Bibliography/FDS_general.bib | 17748 +++++++++++++------------ 1 file changed, 9428 insertions(+), 8320 deletions(-) diff --git a/Manuals/Bibliography/FDS_general.bib b/Manuals/Bibliography/FDS_general.bib index b211b73f6c..de20b188d1 100644 --- a/Manuals/Bibliography/FDS_general.bib +++ b/Manuals/Bibliography/FDS_general.bib @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -%-*- BibTeX -*- +@comment{%-*- BibTeX -*- %===================================== %This file has been sorted by %bibSort.edt on 17.12.10 at 12:54:45. @@ -6,8380 +6,9488 @@ %It includes 404 items, sorted by %"author|editor" first, then by "year". %(No cross-referenced entries.) -%===================================== - -@INPROCEEDINGS{Acem:ISFEH2022, - author = {Z. Acem and R. Mehaddi and V. Dréan and J. Laumesfeld and G. Parent and A. Collin and N. Proal and A. Wilhelm}, - title = {{Water Sprays Cooling of a Hot Metallic Plate}}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the Tenth International Seminar on Fire and Explosion Hazards, 22-27 May, 2022, Oslo, Norway}, - year = {2022}, - pages = {576-584}, - publisher = {University of South-Eastern Norway} -} - -@TECHREPORT{Achakji:1987, - author = {G.Y. Achakji}, - title = {{NRCC Experimental Fire Tower for Studies on Smoke Movement and Smoke Control in Tall Buildings}}, - institution = {National Research Council Canada}, - year = {1987}, - type = {{Internal Report No. 512}} -} - -@TECHREPORT{PNNL:Howard, - author = {Adkins, H.E. and Cuta, J.M.}, - title = {{Components Exposed to a Tunnel Fire Environment}}, - institution = {{Pacific Northwest National Laboratory}}, - address = {Richland, Washington}, - type = {{NUREG/CR-6799}}, - month = {March}, - year = {2003}, - note = "{Work performed under contract to the US Nuclear Regulatory Agency, Washington DC.}", -} - -@TECHREPORT{Albini:1976, - author = {F.A. Albini}, - title = {{Estimating Wildfire Behavior and Effects}}, - year = 1976, - institution = {Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, USDA Forest Service}, - type = {Research Paper}, - number = {INT-30}, - address = {Ogden, Utah}, - url = {https://www.fs.usda.gov/rm/pubs_series/int/gtr/int_gtr030.pdf} -} - -@ARTICLE{Alexander:CJFR2006, - author = {M.E. Alexander and M.G. Cruz}, - title = {{Evaluating a model for predicting active crown fire rate of spread using wildfire observations}}, - journal = {Canadian Journal of Forest Research}, - volume = {36}, - pages = {3015-3028}, - year = {2006}, - doi = {10.1139/X06-174} -} - -@ARTICLE{Alibert:JAFM2019, - author = {D. Alibert and M. Coutin and M. Mense and Y. Pizzo and B. Porterie}, - title = {{Effect of Oxygen on the Burning Behavior of Liquid and Solid Fuels in a Large-Scale Calorimeter}}, - journal = {Journal of Applied Fluid Mechanics}, - volume = {12}, - pages = {34-47}, - year = {2019}, - doi = {10.36884/jafm.12.SI.29932} -} - -@INBOOK{SFPE:Alpert, - author = {Alpert, R.L.}, - title = {SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering}, - chapter = {Ceiling Jet Flows}, - publisher = {Springer}, - year = {2016}, - edition = {5th}, - address = {New York} -} - -@MISC{Alpert:1, - author = {Alpert, R.L. and de Ris, J.L.}, - title = {{Calculation of Radiant Emission from Plumes Due to Large Area Fires}}, - howpublished = {Poster Session of Third International Conference on Fire Research and Engineering}, - year = {1999}, -} - -@ARTICLE{Amato:1972, - author = {W.S. Amato and C.L. Tien}, - title = {{Free Convection Heat Transfer from Isothermal Spheres in Water}}, - journal = {Int.~J. Heat Mass Transfer}, - volume = {15}, - pages = {327}, - year = {1972} -} - -@ARTICLE{Ambrosini:2002, - author = {W. Ambrosini and N. Forgione and F. Oriolo}, - title = {{Statistical characteristics of a water film falling down a flat plate at different inclinations and temperatures}}, - journal = {International Journal of Multiphase Flow}, - volume = {28}, - pages = {1521-1540}, - year = {2002} -} - -@ARTICLE{Anca-Couce:2012, - author = {A. Anca-Couce and N. Zobel and A. Berger and F. Behrendt}, - title = {{Smouldering of pine wood: Kinetics and reaction heats}}, - journal = {Combustion and Flame}, - volume = 159, - pages = {1708-1719}, - year = 2012 -} - -@BOOK{Anderson:1, - author = {Anderson, D.A. and Tannehill, J.C. and Pletcher, R.H.}, - title = {Computational Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer}, - publisher = {Hemisphere Publishing Corporation}, - address = {Philadelphia, Pennsylvania}, - year = {1984}, -} - -@TECHREPORT{Anderson:1983, - author = {H.E. Anderson}, - title = {{Predicting wind-driven wild land fire size and shape}}, - year = {1983}, - institution = {Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, USDA Forest Service}, - type = {Research Paper}, - number = {INT-305}, - address = {Ogden, Utah}, -} - -@ARTICLE{AndersenJ:1, - author = {Andersen, J. and Rasmussen, C.L. and Giselsson, T. and Glarborg, P.}, - title = {{Global Combustion Mechanisms for Use in CFD Modeling Under Oxy-Fuel Conditions}}, - journal = {Energy \& Fuels}, - volume = {23}, - number = {3}, - pages = {1379--1389}, - year = {2009}, - publisher = {ACS Publications} -} - -@INPROCEEDINGS{Andersson:2005, - author = {P. Andersson and P. Van Hees}, - title = {{Performance of Cables Subjected to Elevated Temperatures}}, - booktitle = {Fire Safety Science -- Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium}, - year = {2005}, - pages = {1121-1132}, - publisher = "International Association of Fire Safety Science", -} - -@TECHREPORT{Andrews:2012, - author = {P.L. Andrews}, - title = {{Modeling wind adjustment factor and midflame wind speed for Rothermel's surface fire spread model}}, - year = {2012}, - institution = {Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service}, - type = {General Technical Report}, - number = {RMRS-GTR-266}, - address = {Fort Collins, Colorado}, -} - -@ARTICLE{Armfield:2002, - author = {S. Armfield and R. Street}, - title = {An analysis and comparison of the time accuracy of fractional-step methods for {Navier-Stokes} equations on staggered grids}, - year = {2001}, - journal = {Int. J. Num. Meth. Fluids}, - volume = {38}, - pages = {255-282}, - doi = {10.1002/fld.217} -} - -@INPROCEEDINGS{Arvidson:ISTSS2010, - author = {Arvidson, M.}, - title = {{Large-Scale Water Spray and Water Mist Fire Suppression System Tests}}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Tunnel Safety and Security}, - year = {2010}, - pages = {283-296} -} - -@TECHREPORT{Atreya:2, - author = {Atreya, A.}, - title = {{Pyrolysis, Ignition and Fire Spread on Horizontal Surfaces of Wood}}, - year = {1983}, - institution = {National Bureau of Standards (now NIST)}, - type = {NBS GCR}, - number = {83-449}, - address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, -} - -@ARTICLE{Atreya:1, - author = {Atreya, A. and Agrawal, S.}, - title = {{Effect of Heat Loss on Diffusion Flames}}, - journal = {Combustion and Flame}, - volume = {115}, - pages = {372--382}, - year = {1998}, -} - -@ARTICLE{Audouin:FSJ, - author = {L. Audouin and L. Rigollet and H. Pr\'{e}trel and W. LeSaux and M. R\"{o}wekamp}, - title = {{OECD PRISME project: Fires in confined and ventilated nuclear-type multi-compartments--Overview and main experimental results}}, - journal = {Fire Safety Journal}, - volume = {62}, - year = {2013}, - pages = {80-101} -} - -@INBOOK{Babrauskas:1, - author = {Babrauskas, V.}, - title = {SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering}, - chapter = {Heat Release Rates}, - publisher = {Springer}, - year = {2016}, - edition = {5th}, - address = {New York} -} - -@BOOK{Babrauskas:2, - author = {Babrauskas, V.}, - title = {Ignition Handbook}, - publisher = {Fire Science Publishers}, - edition = {1st}, - address = {Issaquah, Washington USA}, - note = {Co-published by the Society of Fire Protection Engineers}, - year = {2003}, -} - -@INPROCEEDINGS{Back:IAFSS4, - author = {Back, G. and Beyler, C. and DiNenno, P. and Tatem, P.}, - title = {{Wall Incident Heat Flux Distributions Resulting from an Adjacent Fire}}, - booktitle = {Fire Safety Science -- Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium}, - year = {1994}, - pages = {241-252}, - publisher = "International Association of Fire Safety Science", -} - -@TECHREPORT{Back:USCG1999, - author = {G. Back and B. Lattimer and C. Beyler and P. DiNenno and R. Hansen}, - title = {{Full-Scale Testing of Water Mist Fire Suppression Systems for Small Machinery Spaces and Spaces with Combustible Boundaries, Volume I}}, - institution = {U.S. Coast Guard Research and Development Center}, - month = {October}, - year = {1999}, - type = {Report}, - number = {CG-D-21-99, I}, - address = {1082 Shennecossett Road, Groton, Connecticut, 06340}, -} - -@ARTICLE{Baggett:1997, - author = {J. S. Baggett}, - title = {Some modeling requirements for wall models in large eddy simulation}, - year = {1997}, - journal = {Stanford Center for Turbulence Research Annual Research Briefs}, -} - -@ARTICLE{Baggett:1998, - author = {J. S. Baggett}, - title = {On the feasibility of merging {LES} with {RANS} for the near-wall region of attached turbulent flows}, - year = {1998}, - journal = {Stanford Center for Turbulence Research Annual Research Briefs}, -} - - -@ARTICLE{Balaras:2004, - Author = {Elias Balaras}, - Journal = {Computers \& Fluids}, - Number = {3}, - Pages = {375 - 404}, - Title = {Modeling complex boundaries using an external force field on fixed Cartesian grids in large-eddy simulations}, - Volume = {33}, - Year = {2004}, -} - - -@INPROCEEDINGS{Bardina:1980, - author = {J. Bardina and J. H. Ferziger and W. C. Reynolds}, - title = {{Improved Subgrid Scale Models for Large Eddy Simulation}}, - booktitle = {AIAA 13th Fluid \& Plasma Dynamics Conference}, - year = {1980}, - organization = {American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics}, - address = {Snowmass, Colorado}, - month = {July}, - series = {AIAA-80-1357}, -} - -@ARTICLE{Battaglia:1, - author = {Battaglia, F. and McGrattan, K. and Rehm, R. and Baum, H.}, - title = {{Simulating Fire Whirls}}, - journal = {Combustion Theory and Modeling}, - year = {2000}, - pages = {123-138}, - volume = {4}, -} - -@ARTICLE{Bradshaw:1995, - author = {Bradshaw, P. and Huang, G.P.}, - title = {{The Law of the Wall in Turbulent Flow}}, - journal = {Proc. R. Soc. London A}, - volume = {451}, - number = {1941}, - pages = {165--188}, - month = {Oct}, - year = {1995}, -} - -@ARTICLE{IFS:1, - author = {Baum, H.}, - title = {{Large Eddy Simulations of Fires}}, - journal = {Fire Protection Engineering}, - volume = {6}, - year = {2000}, - month = {Spring}, -} - -@ARTICLE{Baum:7, - author = {Baum, H.R.}, - title = {{Large Eddy Simulations of Fire}}, - journal = {Fire Protection Engineering}, - volume = {6}, - pages = {36--42}, - month = {Spring}, - year = {2000}, -} - -@ARTICLE{Baum:1, - author = {Baum, H.R. and Ezekoye, O.A. and McGrattan, K.B. and Rehm, R.G.}, - title = {{Mathematical Modeling and Computer Simulation of Fire Phenomenon}}, - journal = {Theoretical and Computational Fluid Dynamics}, - volume = {6}, - pages = {125--139}, - year = {1994}, -} - -@INPROCEEDINGS{Baum:3, - author = {Baum, H.R. and McCaffrey, B.J.}, - title = {{Fire Induced Flow Field -- Theory and Experiment}}, - booktitle = {Fire Safety Science -- Proceedings of the Second International Symposium}, - year = {1989}, - publisher = {International Association for Fire Safety Science}, - pages = {129--148}, -} - -@INPROCEEDINGS{Baum:5, - author = {Baum, H.R. and McGrattan, K.B.}, - title = {{Simulation of Large Industrial Outdoor Fires}}, - booktitle = {Fire Safety Science -- Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium}, - year = {2000}, - publisher = {International Association for Fire Safety Science}, -} - -@INPROCEEDINGS{McGrattan:2, - author = {Baum, H.R. and McGrattan, K.B. and Rehm, R.G.}, - title = {{Mathematical Modeling and Computer Simulation of Fire Phenomenon}}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Fire Safety Science}, - year = {1994}, - organization = {International Association For Fire Safety Science}, - editor = {Takashi Kashiwagi}, - pages = {185--194}, -} - -@INPROCEEDINGS{Baum:2, - author = {Baum, H.R. and McGrattan, K.B. and Rehm, R.G.}, - title = {{Large Eddy Simulations of Smoke Movement in Three Dimensions}}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the Seventh International Interflam Conference}, - year = {1996}, - publisher = {Interscience Communications, London}, - pages = {189--198}, -} - -@INPROCEEDINGS{Baum:IAFSS5, - author = {Baum, H.R. and McGrattan, K.B. and Rehm, R.G.}, - title = {{Three Dimensional Simulations of Fire Plume Dynamics}}, - booktitle = {Fire Safety Science -- Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium}, - year = {1997}, - pages = {511-522}, - publisher = "International Association for Fire Safety Science", -} - -@ARTICLE{Baum:4, - author = {Baum, H.R. and McGrattan, K.B. and Rehm, R.G.}, - title = {{Three Dimensional Simulations of Fire Plume Dynamics}}, - journal = {Journal of the Heat Transfer Society of Japan}, - year = {1997}, - volume = {35}, - number = {139}, - pages = {45--52}, -} - -@ARTICLE{LES:5, - author = {Baum, H.R. and Mell, W.E.}, - title = {{A Radiative Transport Model for Large-Eddy Fire Simulations}}, - journal = {Combustion Theory and Modelling}, - volume = {2}, - year = {1998}, - month = {December}, -} - -@ARTICLE{Baum:6, - author = {Baum, H.R. and Mell, W.E.}, - title = {{A radiative transport model for large-eddy simulations}}, - journal = {Combustion Theory and Modelling}, - volume = {2}, - pages = {405--422}, - year = {1998}, -} - -@ARTICLE{Rehm:SIAM84, - author = {Baum, H.R. and Rehm, R.G.}, - title = {{Finite Difference Solutions for Internal Waves in Enclosures}}, - journal = {SIAM Journal of Scientific and Statistical Computing}, - volume = {5}, - number = {4}, - pages = {958-977}, - month = {December}, - year = {1984}, -} - -@ARTICLE{Baum:CST84, - author = {Baum, H.R. and Rehm, R.G.}, - title = {{Calculations of Three Dimensional Buoyant Plumes in Enclosures}}, - journal = {Combustion Science and Technology}, - volume = {40}, - pages = {55-77}, - year = {1984}, -} - -@ARTICLE{Rehm:SIAM83, - author = {Baum, H.R. and Rehm, R.G. and Barnett, P.D. and Corley, D.M.}, - title = {{Finite Difference Calculations of Buoyant Convection in - an Enclosure, Part I: The Basic Algorithm}}, - journal = {SIAM Journal of Scientific and Statistical Computing}, - 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Becker and D. Liang}, - title = {Visible length of vertical free turbulent diffusion flames}, - year = {1978}, - journal = {Combustion and Flame}, - volume = {32}, - pages = {115-137}, -} - -@ARTICLE{Beji:FSJ2023, - author = {T. Beji and H. Pr\'{e}trel}, - title = {{Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations of Water Spray Interaction with Smoke in a Confined and a Mechanically-Ventilated Enclosure Fire}}, - year = {2023}, - journal = {Fire Safety Journal}, - month = {April}, - number = {103801}, - doi = {10.1016/j.firesaf.2023.103801} -} - -@ARTICLE{Beji:FSJ2024, - author = {T. Beji and B. Lafdal and R. Mehaddi}, - title = {{Transient heat of liquids in pool fires}}, - year = {2024}, - journal = {Fire Safety Journal}, - volume = 142, - number = {104044}, - doi = {10.1016/j.firesaf.2023.104044} -} - -@INCOLLECTION{Berger:2017, - author = {M. Berger}, - title = {Chapter 1 - Cut Cells: Meshes and Solvers}, - booktitle = {Handbook of Numerical Methods for Hyperbolic Problems}, - publisher = {Elsevier}, - editor = {R\'{e}mi Abgrall and Chi-Wang Shu}, - series = {Handbook of Numerical Analysis}, - volume = {18}, - pages = {1-22}, - year = {2017}, -} - -@INPROCEEDINGS{Berger:2012, - author = {M. Berger and M. Aftosmis}, - title = {{Progress Towards a Cartesian Cut-Cell Method for Viscous Compressible Flow}}, - booktitle = {50th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting Including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition}, - year = {2012}, - organization = {AIAA}, - address = {Nashville, TN}, - series = {AIAA 2012-1301} -} - - -@ARTICLE{Bertie:AS1993a, - author = {Bertie, J.E. and Zhang, S.L. and Eysel, H.H. and Baluja, S. and Ahmed, M.K}, - title = {{Infrared Intensities of Liquids XI: Infrared Refractive Indices - from 8000 to 2 cm$^{-1}$, Absolute Integrated Intensities, and Dipole - Moment Derivatives of Methanol at 25~$^\circ$C}}, - journal = {Applied Spectroscopy}, - volume = {47}, - pages = {1100-1115}, - month = {August}, - year = {1993}, -} - -@ARTICLE{Bertie:AS1993b, - author = {Bertie, J.E. and Jones, R.N. and Keefe, C.D}, - title = {{Infrared Intensities of Liquids XII: Accurate Optical Constants - and Molar Absorption Coefficients Between 6225 and 500~cm$^{-1}$ of - Benzene at 25~$^\circ$C, from Spectra Recorded in Several Laboratories}}, - journal = {Applied Spectroscopy}, - volume = {47}, - number = {7}, - pages = {891-911}, - year = {1993}, -} - -@ARTICLE{Bertie:AS1994a, - author = {Bertie, J.E. and Jones, R.N. and Apelblat, Y. and Keefe, C.D}, - title = {{Infrared Intensities of Liquids XIII: Accurate Optical Constants and - Molar Absorption Coefficients Between 6500 and 435~cm$^{-1}$ of Toluene at - 25~$^\circ$C, from Spectra Recorded in Several Laboratories}}, - journal = {Applied Spectroscopy}, - volume = {48}, - pages = {127-143}, - month = {January}, - year = {1994}, -} - -@ARTICLE{Bertie:AS1996, - author = {Bertie, J.E. and Lan, Z}, - title = {{Infrared Intensities of Liquids XX: The Intensity of - the OH Stretching Band of Liquid Water Revisited, and - the Best Current Values of the Optical Constants of - H2O (l) at 25~$^\circ$C between 15,000 and 1~cm$^{-1}$}}, - journal = {Applied Spectroscopy}, - volume = {50}, - number = {8}, - pages = {1047-1057}, - year = {1996}, -} - -@ARTICLE{Bertie:JMS2005, - author = {Bertie, J.E. and Jones, R.N. and Apelblat, Y. and Keefe, C.D}, - title = {{Infrared intensities of liquids XXV: Dielectric constants, - molar polarizabilities and integrated intensities of liquid - toluene at 25~$^\circ$C between 4800 and 400~cm$^{-1}$}}, - journal = {Journal of Molecular Structure}, - volume = {750}, - number = {1-3}, - pages = {78-93}, - year = {2005}, -} - -@INPROCEEDINGS{Betteridge:2015, - author = {S. Betteridge and L. Phillips}, - title = {{Large scale pressurized LNG BLEVE experiments}}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2015 AIChE Annual Meeting}, - year = {2015}, - organization = {American Institute of Chemical Engineers}, - address = {New York}, - series = {Symposium Series No.~160} -} - -@ARTICLE{Beyler:Hood, - author = {Belyer, C.}, - title = {{Major Species Production by Diffusion Flames in a Two-Layer Compartment Fire Environment}}, - journal = {Fire Safety Journal}, - volume = {10}, - pages = {47--56}, - year = {1986}, -} - -@INBOOK{SFPE:Beyler, - author = {Beyler, C.}, - title = {SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering}, - chapter = {Flammability Limits of Premixed and Diffusion Flames}, - publisher = {Springer}, - year = {2016}, - edition = {5th}, - address = {New York} -} - -@INPROCEEDINGS{Beyler:IAFSS1, - author = {Beyler, C.L.}, - title = {{Major Species Production by Solid Fuels in a Two Layer Compartment Fire Environment}}, - booktitle = {Fire Safety Science -- Proceedings of the First International Symposium}, - year = {1986}, - pages = {431-440}, - publisher = "Hemisphere Publishing Company", -} - -@INBOOK{Beyler2:SFPE, - author = {Beyler, C.L.}, - title = {SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering}, - chapter = {{Fire Hazard Calculations for Large Open Hydrocarbon Fires}}, - publisher = {Springer}, - year = {2016}, - edition = {5th}, - address = {New York} -} - -@TECHREPORT{Beyler2002, - author = {Beyler, Craig L. and Cappuccio, Joseph A. and Connor, David E. and Dannaway, Samuel S. and Dembsey, Nicholas A. and Dlugogorski, Bogdan Z. and Deubler, John and Fleischmann, Charles M. and Grant, Casey C. and Iqbal, Naeem and Oldwiler, Andrew and Rosenhan, A. Kirk and Schwager, James and Slye, Orville M. Jr. and Sultan, Mohammed A. and Tamim, Amal and Torvi, David and Wood, Christopher B. and Hurley, Morgan J. and Meacham, Brian J.}, - institution = {SFPE}, - title = {{Engineering Guide: Piloted Ignition of Solid Materials Under Radiant Exposure}}, - year = {2002} -} - - -@INPROCEEDINGS{Biglari:2013, - author = {Biglari, A. and Saad, T. and Sutherland, J.}, - title = {{An efficient and explicit pressure projection method for reacting flow simulations}}, - booktitle = {8th US National Combustion Meeting}, - year = {2013}, -} - -@INBOOK{Bilger:book:80, - author = {Bilger, R.W.}, - title = {Turbulent Reacting Flows}, - chapter = {4. Turbulent Flows with Nonpremixed Reactants}, - publisher = {Springer-Verlag}, - year = {1980}, -} - -@ARTICLE{Bilger:AnnRev, - author = {Bilger, R.W.}, - title = {{Turbulent Diffusion Flames}}, - journal = {Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics}, - year = {1989}, - volume = {21}, - pages = {101--135}, -} - -@INPROCEEDINGS{Bilson:2008, - author = {Bilson, M. and Purchase, A. and Stacey, C.}, - title = {{Deluge System Operating Effectiveness in Road Tunnels and Impacts on Operating Policy}}, - booktitle = {Proceedings 13th Australian Tunnelling Conference, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia}, - month = {May}, - year = {2008}, - note = {The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy}, -} - -@TECHREPORT{FHWA:test_report, - author = {M. Bilson and H. Raza and W. Connell}, - title = {{Fixed Fire Fighting and Emergency Ventilation Systems for Highway Tunnels---Research Report}}, - institution = {Federal Highway Administration}, - month = {May}, - year = {2023}, - type = {{Report Number: FHWA-HIF-23-022}}, - address = {Washington, D.C.}, - url = {https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/tunnel/pubs/hif23022.pdf} -} - -@INPROCEEDINGS{Biswas:CS2007, - author = {Biswas, Y. and Zheng, Y. and Kim, C.H. and Gore, J.P.}, - title = {{Stochastic time series analysis of pulsating buoyant pool fires}}, - booktitle = {Thirty First Symposium (International) on Combustion}, - organization = {Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania}, - year = {2007}, -} - -@TECHREPORT{Bisetti:2008, - author = {F. Bisetti and G. Blanquart and H. Pitsch}, - title = {Direct numerical simulation of soot formation in turbulent non-premixed flames}, - institution = {{Stanford Center for Turbulence Research}}, - year = {2008}, -} - -@MASTERSTHESIS{Bittern:Thesis, - author = {A. Bittern}, - title = {{Analysis of FDS Predicted Sprinkler Activation Times with Experiments}}, - year = {2004}, - address = {Christchurch, New Zealand}, - school = {University of Canterbury} -} - - -@TECHREPORT{NRC:VICTORIA, - author = {N.E. Bixler}, - title = {{VICTORIA 2.0: A Mechanistic Model for Radionuclide Behavior in a Nuclear Reactor Coolant System Under Severe Accident Conditions}}, - institution = {{Sandia National Laboratories}}, - address = {Albuquerque, NM}, - type = {{NUREG/CR-6131}}, - month = {December}, - year = {1998}, - note = "{Work performed under contract to the US Nuclear Regulatory Agency, Washington DC.}", -} - -@TECHREPORT{FAA-AR-06-21, - author = {D. 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Reynolds}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Snowmass, Colorado}, + booktitle = {AIAA 13th Fluid \& Plasma Dynamics Conference}, + month = {July}, + organization = {American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics}, + series = {AIAA-80-1357}, + year = {1980}, +} + +@article{Battaglia:1, + title = {{Simulating Fire Whirls}}, + author = {Battaglia, F. and McGrattan, K. and Rehm, R. and Baum, H.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {Combustion Theory and Modeling}, + pages = {123-138}, + volume = {4}, + year = {2000}, +} + +@article{Bradshaw:1995, + title = {{The Law of the Wall in Turbulent Flow}}, + author = {Bradshaw, P. and Huang, G.P.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {Proc. R. Soc. 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H.R. and McCaffrey, B.J.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {Fire Safety Science -- Proceedings of the Second International Symposium}, + doi = {10.3801/iafss.fss.2-129}, + pages = {129--148}, + publisher = {International Association for Fire Safety Science}, + year = {1989}, +} + +@inproceedings{Baum:5, + title = {{Simulation of Large Industrial Outdoor Fires}}, + author = {Baum, H.R. and McGrattan, K.B.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {Fire Safety Science -- Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium}, + publisher = {International Association for Fire Safety Science}, + year = {2000}, +} + +@inproceedings{McGrattan:2, + title = {{Mathematical Modeling and Computer Simulation of Fire Phenomenon}}, + author = {Baum, H.R. and McGrattan, K.B. and Rehm, R.G.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Fire Safety Science}, + editor = {Takashi Kashiwagi}, + organization = {International Association For Fire Safety Science}, + pages = {185--194}, + year = {1994}, +} + +@inproceedings{Baum:2, + title = {{Large Eddy Simulations of Smoke Movement in Three Dimensions}}, + author = {Baum, H.R. and McGrattan, K.B. and Rehm, R.G.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the Seventh International Interflam Conference}, + pages = {189--198}, + publisher = {Interscience Communications, London}, + year = {1996}, +} + +@inproceedings{Baum:IAFSS5, + title = {{Three Dimensional Simulations of Fire Plume Dynamics}}, + author = {Baum, H.R. and McGrattan, K.B. and Rehm, R.G.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {Fire Safety Science -- Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium}, + doi = {10.3801/iafss.fss.5-511}, + pages = {511-522}, + publisher = {International Association for Fire Safety Science}, + year = {1997}, +} + +@article{Baum:4, + title = {{Three Dimensional Simulations of Fire Plume Dynamics}}, + author = {Baum, H.R. and McGrattan, K.B. and Rehm, R.G.}, + 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Pitsch}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + institution = {{Stanford Center for Turbulence Research}}, + year = {2008}, +} + +@mastersthesis{Bittern:Thesis, + title = {{Analysis of FDS Predicted Sprinkler Activation Times with Experiments}}, + author = {A. Bittern}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Christchurch, New Zealand}, + school = {University of Canterbury}, + year = {2004}, +} + +@techreport{NRC:VICTORIA, + title = {{VICTORIA 2.0: A Mechanistic Model for Radionuclide Behavior in a Nuclear Reactor Coolant System Under Severe Accident Conditions}}, + author = {N.E. Bixler}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Albuquerque, NM}, + institution = {{Sandia National Laboratories}}, + month = {December}, + note = {{Work performed under contract to the US Nuclear Regulatory Agency, Washington DC.}}, + type = {{NUREG/CR-6131}}, + year = {1998}, +} + +@techreport{FAA-AR-06-21, + title = {{Development of a Standardized Fire Source for Aircraft Cargo Compartment Fire Detection Systems}}, + author = {D. Blake}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Washington, DC 20591}, + institution = {Federal Aviation Administration, Office of Aviation Research and Development}, + month = {May}, + number = {DOT/FAA/AR-06/21}, + type = {Report}, + year = {2006}, +} + +@article{Blanchard:FT2014, + title = {{Experimental and Numerical Study of the Interaction Between Water Mist and Fire in an Intermediate Test Tunnel}}, + author = {E. Blanchard and P. Fromy and P. Carlotti and P. Boulet and S. Desanghere and J.P. Vantelon and J.P. Garo}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1007/s10694-013-0323-z}, + journal = {Fire Technology}, + pages = {565-587}, + volume = {50}, + year = {2014}, +} + +@techreport{Blanchat:2001, + title = {{Characterization of the Air Source and Plume Source at FLAME}}, + author = {T. K. Blanchat}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Albuquerque, New Mexico}, + institution = {Sandia National Laboratory}, + number = {SAND01-2227}, + year = {2001}, +} + +@techreport{Blanchat:2011, + title = {{The Phoenix Series Large Scale LNG Pool Fire Experiments}}, + author = {T. Blanchat and P. Helmick and R. Jensen and A. Luketa and R. Deola and J. Suo-Anttila and J. Mercier and T. Miller and A. Ricks and R. Simpson and B. Demosthenous and S. Tieszen and M. Hightower}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Albuquerque, New Mexico}, + institution = {Sandia National Laboratory}, + number = {SAND2010-8676}, + year = {2011}, +} + +@article{Boardman:Fuel_2021, + title = {{Specific heat capacity of wildland foliar fuels to 434 $^\circ$C}}, + author = {C.R. Boardman and M.A. Dietenberger and D.R. Weise}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1016/j.fuel.2021.120396}, + journal = {Fuel}, + pages = {120396}, + volume = {292}, + year = {2021}, +} + +@phdthesis{Bouchair:Thesis, + title = {{Solar Induced Ventilation in the Algerian and Similar Climates}}, + author = {A. Bouchair}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Leeds, West Yorkshire, England}, + school = {University of Leeds}, + year = {1989}, +} + +@inproceedings{Bounagui:1, + title = {{Optimizing the Grid Size Used in CFD Simulations to Evaluate Fire Safety in Houses}}, + author = {Bounagui, A. and Benichou, N. and McCartney, C. and Kashef, A.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Ottawa, Ontario, Canada}, + booktitle = {3rd NRC Symposium on Computational Fluid Dynamics, High Performance Computing and Virtual Reality}, + month = {December}, + organization = {National Research Council, Canada}, + pages = {1-8}, + year = {2003}, +} + +@techreport{Bounagui:2, + title = {{Simulation of the Dynamics of the Fire for a Section of the L.H.-La Fontaine Tunnel}}, + author = {Bounagui, A. and Kashef, A. and Benichou, N.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Ottawa, Canada, K1A0R}, + institution = {National Research Council Canada}, + month = {September}, + number = {140}, + type = {IRC-RR-}, + year = {2003}, +} + +@article{Bova:IJWF2015, + title = {{A comparison of level set and marker methods for the simulation of wildland fire front propagation}}, + author = {A.S. 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Morris}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.2172/6633087}, + institution = {Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory}, + month = {June}, + number = {GRI-89/0138}, + type = {Data Report}, + year = {1990}, +} + +@article{Bryant:FSJ2009, + title = {A comparison of gas velocity measurements in a full-scale enclosure fire}, + author = {R.A. Bryant}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1016/j.firesaf.2009.03.010}, + journal = {Fire Safety Journal}, + pages = {793-800}, + volume = {44}, + year = {2009}, +} + +@article{Bryant:EF2009, + title = {The application of stereoscopic particle image velocimetry to measure the flow of air into an enclosure containing fire}, + author = {R.A. Bryant}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {Experiments in Fluids}, + pages = {295-308}, + volume = {47}, + year = {2009}, +} + +@inproceedings{Bryant:CS2010, + title = {{Evaluating practical measurements of fire-induced vent flows with stereoscopic PIV}}, + author = {R.A. Bryant}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the Combustion Institute}, + publisher = {Elsevier}, + year = {2010}, +} + +@techreport{Bryant:NISTSP1007, + title = {{The NIST 3 Megawatt Quantitative Heat Release Rate Facility}}, + author = {R.A. Bryant and T.J. Ohlemiller and E.L. Johnson and A. Hamins and B.S. Grove and W.F. Guthrie and A. Maranghides and G.W. Mulholland}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Gaithersburg, MD}, + institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, + month = {December}, + number = {1007}, + type = {NIST Special Publication}, + year = {2003}, +} + +@techreport{Bryner:1, + title = {{Carbon Monoxide Production in Compartment Fires - Reduced-Scale Test Facility}}, + author = {Bryner, N. and Johnsson, E. and Pitts, W.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Gaithersburg, MD}, + institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, + number = {5568}, + type = {NISTIR}, + year = {1994}, +} + +@techreport{Bryner:Charleston, + title = {{Technical Study of the Sofa Super Store Fire, South Carolina, June 18, 2007}}, + author = {N. Bryner and S.P. Fuss and B.W. Klein and A.D. Putorti}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Gaithersburg, MD}, + institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, + month = {March}, + number = {1118}, + type = {NIST Special Publication}, + year = {2011}, +} + +@techreport{BST_FRS:1994, + title = {{Natural Fires in Large Scale Compartments---A British Steel Technical, Fire Research Station Collaborative Project}}, + author = {B.R. Kirby and D.E. Wainman and L.N. Tomlinson and T.R. Kay and B.N. Peacock}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Moorgate, Rotherham S60 3AR, England, UK}, + institution = {British Steel Technical, Swinden Laboratories}, + month = {June}, + year = {1994}, +} + +@techreport{Burdette:1, + title = {Fire Response of Loaded Composite Structures - Experiments and Modeling}, + author = {Burdette, J.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Blacksburg, Virginia}, + institution = {Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University}, + year = {1888}, +} + +@techreport{Bukowski:1, + title = {{Performance of Home Smoke Alarms Analysis of the Response of Several Available Technologies in Residential Fire Settings}}, + author = {Bukowski, R.W. and Peacock, R.D. and Averill, J.D. and Cleary, T.G. and Bryner, N.P. and Walton, W.D. and Reneke, P.A. and Kuligowski, E.D.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, + institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, + month = {February}, + type = {{NIST Technical Note 1455-1}}, + year = {2008}, +} + +@inproceedings{Bukowski:2, + title = {{Methods for Predicting Smoke Detector Activation}}, + author = {R.W. 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Bytskov}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Finland}, + school = {Aalto University}, + year = {2015}, +} + +@article{Cabot:1995, + title = {Large-eddy simulations with wall models}, + author = {W. Cabot}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {Stanford Center for Turbulence Research Annual Research Briefs}, + year = {1995}, +} + +@inproceedings{Camp:Interflam2001, + title = {{Computer Modelling vs Reality -- Can We Predict the Behaviour of Fires?}}, + author = {P. Camp and N. 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Gore}, - title = {{Heat Feedback to the Fuel Surface in Pool Fires}}, - journal = {Combustion Science and Technology}, - year = {1994}, - volume = {97}, - pages = {37-62} -} - -@INPROCEEDINGS{Hamins:NASA, - author = {Hamins, A. and Bundy, M. and Puri, I.K. and McGrattan, K.B. and Park, W.C.}, - title = {{Suppression of Low Strain Rate Non-Premixed Flames by an Agent}}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the 6th International Microgravity Combustion Workshop, NASA/CP-2001-210826}, - year = {2001}, - month = {May}, - pages = {101-104}, - organization = {National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio} -} - -@TECHREPORT{Hamins:SP1013-1, - author = {Hamins, A. and Maranghides, A. and Johnsson, R. and Donnelly, M. and Yang, G. and Mulholland, G. and Anleitner, R.L.}, - title = {{Report of Experimental Results for the International Fire Model Benchmarking and Validation Exercise 3}}, - institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, - year = {2006}, - month = {May}, - type = {NIST Special Publication}, - number = {1013-1}, - note = {Joint Publication of NIST and the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NUREG/CR-6905)}, - address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland} -} - -@TECHREPORT{NIST_NCSTAR_1-5B, - author = {Hamins, A. and Maranghides, A. and McGrattan, K.B. and - Johnsson, E. and Ohlemiller, T. and Donnelly, M. and Yang, J. and Mulholland, G. and - Prasad, K. and Kukuck, S. and Anleitner, R. and McAllister, T.}, - title = {{Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the - World Trade Center Disaster: Experiments and Modeling of Structural Steel Elements Exposed to Fire}}, - institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, - year = {2005}, - month = {September}, - type = {NIST NCSTAR}, - number = {1-5B}, - address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, -} - -@TECHREPORT{NIST_NCSTAR_1-5E, - author = {Hamins, A. and Maranghides, A. and McGrattan, K.B. and - Ohlemiller and Anletiner, R.}, - title = {{Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the - World Trade Center Disaster: Experiments and Modeling of Multiple Workstations Burning in a Compartment}}, - year = {2005}, - month = {September}, - institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, - address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, - type = {NIST NCSTAR}, - number = {1-5E}, -} - -@TECHREPORT{Hamins:1, - author = {Hamins, A. and McGrattan, K.B.}, - title = {{Reduced-Scale Experiments to Characterize the Suppression of - Rack Storage Commodity Fires}}, - year = {1999}, - institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, - type = {NISTIR}, - number = {6439}, - address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland} -} - -@TECHREPORT{Hamins:NISTIR7013, - author = {A. Hamins and A. Maranghides and G. Mulholland}, - title = {{The Global Combustion Behavior of 1~MW to 3~MW Hydrocarbon Spray Fires Burning in an Open Environment}}, - year = {2003}, - institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, - type = {NISTIR}, - number = {7013}, - address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland} -} - -@INPROCEEDINGS{Hamins:IAFSS2002, - author = {Hamins, A. and McGrattan, K.B.}, - title = {{Reduced-Scale Experiments on the Water Suppression of a Rack-Storage - Commodity Fire for Calibration of a CFD Fire Model}}, - booktitle = {Fire Safety Science -- Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium}, - year = {2002}, - pages = {457-468}, - publisher = {International Association for Fire Safety Science} -} - -@TECHREPORT{Hamins:TN2016, - author = {A. Hamins}, - title = {{Energetics of Small and Moderate-Scale Gaseous Pool Fires}}, - institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, - year = {2016}, - type = {NIST Technical Note}, - number = {1926}, - address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland} -} - -@TECHREPORT{Hamins:TN1928, - author = {A. Hamins and A. Lock}, - title = {{The Structure of a Moderate-Scale Methanol Pool Fire}}, - institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, - year = {2016}, - month = {November}, - type = {NIST Technical Note}, - number = {1928}, - address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, - note = {10.6028/NIST.TN.1928} -} - -@ARTICLE{Hamins:CF1991, - author = {A. Hamins and M. Klassen and J. Gore and T. Kashiwagi}, - title = {{Estimate of Flame Radiance via a Single Location Measurement in Liquid Pool Fires}}, - journal = {Combustion and Flame}, - year = {1991}, - volume = {86}, - pages = {223-228} -} - -@TECHREPORT{Hanna:1982, - author = {S.R. Hanna and G.A. Briggs and R.P. 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Dembele}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1016/j.firesaf.2014.01.001}, + journal = {Fire Safety Journal}, + month = {February}, + pages = {12-26}, + volume = {64}, + year = {2014}, +} + +@article{Cheney:IJWF1993, + title = {{The Influence of Fuel, Weather and Fire Shape Variables on Fire-Spread in Grasslands}}, + author = {N.P. Cheney and J.S. Gould and W.R. Catchpole}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {International Journal of Wildland Fire}, + number = {1}, + pages = {31-44}, + volume = {3}, + year = {1993}, +} + +@article{Cheney:IJWF1998, + title = {{Prediction of Fire-Spread in Grasslands}}, + author = {N.P. Cheney and J.S. Gould and W.R. Catchpole}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {International Journal of Wildland Fire}, + number = {1}, + pages = {1-13}, + volume = {8}, + year = {1993}, +} + +@book{Cheremisinoff:1, + title = {Encyclopedia of Fluid Mechanics, Volume 3: Gas-Liquid Flows}, + author = {Cheremisinoff, N.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Houston, Texas}, + publisher = {Gulf Publishing Company}, + year = {1986}, +} + +@techreport{Childs, + title = {{HEATING 7: Multidimensional, Finite-Difference Heat Conduction Analysis Code System}}, + author = {Childs, K.W.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Oak Ridge, TN}, + institution = {Oak Ridge National Laboratory}, + number = {PSR-199}, + type = {Technical Report}, + year = {1998}, +} + +@article{Chow:1, + title = {{Discussion on Two Plume Formulae with Computational Fluid Dynamics}}, + author = {Chow, W.K. and Yin, R.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {Journal of Fire Sciences}, + month = {May}, + pages = {179-201}, + volume = {20}, + year = {2002}, +} + +@article{Christensen:JFS, + title = {{The Application of NIST's Fire Dynamics Simulator to the +Investigation of Carbon Monoxide Exposure in the Deaths of Three +Pittsburgh Fire Fighters}}, + author = {Christensen, A.M. and Icove, D.J.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {Journal of Forensic Sciences}, + number = {1}, + pages = {104-107}, + volume = {49}, + year = {2004}, +} + +@inproceedings{LES:6, + title = {{Evaluating Multi-Sensor Fire Detectors in the Fire Emulator/Detector Evaluator}}, + author = {Cleary, T. and Anderson, M. and Averill, J. and Grosshandler, W.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the Eighth International Interflam Conference}, + month = {June}, + pages = {453-464}, + publisher = {Interscience Communications}, + year = {1999}, +} + +@inproceedings{Cleary:IAFSS6, + title = {{Particulate Entry Lag in Spot-Type Smoke Detectors}}, + author = {Cleary, T. and Chernovsky, A. and Grosshandler, W. and Anderson, M.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {Fire Safety Science -- Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium}, + pages = {779-790}, + publisher = {International Association for Fire Safety Science}, + year = {1999}, +} + +@inproceedings{Cleary:1, + title = {{Fire Detector Performance Predictions in a Simulated Multi-Room Configuration}}, + author = {Cleary, T. and Donnelly, M. and Mulholland, G. and Farouk, B.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Automatic Fire Detection (AUBE '01)}, + month = {March}, + note = {NIST SP 965}, + publisher = {National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland}, + year = {2001}, +} + +@techreport{Clement:2, + title = {{Experimental Verification of the Fire Dynamics Simulator Hydrodynamic Model}}, + author = {Clement, J.M.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + institution = {University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand}, + year = {2000}, +} + +@inproceedings{Clement:1, + title = {{Experimental Verification of the Fire Dynamics Simulator Hydrodynamic Model}}, + author = {Clement, J.M. and Fleischmann, C.M.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {Fire Safety Science -- Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium}, + pages = {839-862}, + publisher = {International Association for Fire Safety Science}, + year = {2002}, +} + +@misc{Coblentz:1, + title = {{Evaluated Infrared Reference Spectra}}, + author = {P.J. Linstrom and W.G. Mallard}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, + note = {{NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69}}, +} + +@article{Cochard:1, + title = {{Validation of Fire Dynamics Simulator (Version 2.0) Freeware}}, + author = {Cochard, S.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {Tunnel Management International Journal}, + month = {December}, + number = {4}, + volume = {6}, + year = {2003}, +} + +@mastersthesis{Cohan:Masters, + title = {{Verification And Validation Of A Candidate Soot Deposition Model In Fire Dynamics Simulator Version 5.5.1}}, + author = {Cohan, B.D.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + school = {University of Maryland}, + year = {2010}, +} + +@article{Colella:2010, + title = {A novel multiscale methodology for simulating tunnel ventilation flows during fires}, + author = {F. Colella and G. Rein and J. Torero and R. Borchiellini}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1007/s10694-010-0144-2}, + journal = {Fire Technology}, + year = {2010}, +} + +@article{Colella:2011, + title = {Multiscale modeling of transient flows from fire and ventilation in long tunnels}, + author = {F. Colella and G. Rein and V. Verda and R. Borchiellini}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1016/j.compfluid.2011.06.021}, + journal = {Computers and Fluids}, + pages = {16-29}, + volume = {51}, + year = {2011}, +} + +@article{Cox:1985, + title = {Some source-dependent effects of unbounded fires}, + author = {G. Cox and R. Chitty}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1016/0010-2180(85)90027-6}, + journal = {Combustion and Flame}, + pages = {219-232}, + volume = {60}, + year = {1985}, +} + +@article{CBC, + title = {Simple {Eulerian} time correlation of full- and narrow-band velocity signals in grid-generated, `isotropic' turbulence}, + author = {G. Comte-{B}ellot and S. 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Crank}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Oxford}, + edition = {2nd}, + publisher = {Oxford University Press}, + year = {1975}, +} + +@techreport{Croce:GRI, + title = {{Thermal Radiation from LNG Trench Fires}}, + author = {P.A. Croce and K.S. Mudan and J. Moorhouse}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + institution = {Gas Research Institute (GRI)}, + month = {September}, + number = {88682}, + type = {Technical Report}, + year = {1984}, +} + +@book{Crowe:1, + title = {{Multiphase Flows with Droplets and Particles}}, + author = {C. Crowe and M. Sommerfeld and Y. Tsuji}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Boca Raton, Florida}, + publisher = {CRC Press}, + year = {1998}, +} + +@article{Curl:1, + title = {{Disperse phase mixing: I. theory and effects in simple reactors}}, + author = {R.L. Curl}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {AIChE Journal}, + pages = {175}, + volume = {9}, + year = {1963}, +} + +@inproceedings{DSouza:1, + title = {{Use of Fire Dynamics Simulator to Predict Smoke Detector Activation}}, + author = {D'Souza, V. and Sutula, J.A. and Olenick, S.M. and Zhang, W. and Roby, R.J.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2001 Fall Technical Meeting, Eastern States Section}, + month = {December}, + organization = {Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania}, + pages = {175-178}, + year = {2001}, +} + +@techreport{INERIS, + title = {{Description of INERIS-test-6 experiment and requirements for corresponding blind SBEP in the framework of the InsHyde internal project}}, + author = {Dagba, Y. and Perette, L. and Venetsanos, A.G.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + institution = {Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS)}, + month = {October}, + note = {HYSAFE Report}, + year = {2005}, +} + +@article{Dahale:2013, + title = {{Effects of distribution of bulk density and moisture content on shrub fires}}, + author = {A. Dahale and S. Ferguson and B. Shotorban and S. Mahalingam}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {International Journal of Wildland Fire}, + number = {5}, + pages = {625-641}, + volume = {22}, + year = {2013}, +} + +@techreport{Davis:1, + title = {{Comparison of Fire Model Predictions with Experiments Conducted in a Hangar with a 15 Meter Ceiling}}, + author = {Davis, W. and Notarianni, K and McGrattan, K.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, + institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, + month = {December}, + number = {5927}, + type = {NISTIR}, + year = {1996}, +} + +@article{Dawson:1994, + title = {Explicit/implicit, conservative domain decomposition procedures for parabolic problems based on block-centered finite differences}, + author = {Dawson, Clint N and Dupont, Todd F}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis}, + number = {4}, + pages = {1045--1061}, + publisher = {Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics}, + volume = {31}, + year = {1994}, +} + +@techreport{Dean:1, + title = {{Stored Plastics Test Program}}, + author = {Dean, R.K.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Norwood, Massachusetts}, + institution = {Factory Mutual Research Corporation}, + month = {June}, + number = {FMRC J.I. 202069}, + year = {1975}, +} + +@article{Deardorff:1, + title = {{Numerical Investigation of Neutral and Unstable +Planetary Boundary Layers}}, + author = {Deardorff, J.W.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {Journal of Atmospheric Sciences}, + pages = {91--115}, + volume = {29}, + year = {1972}, +} + +@article{Deardorff:1980, + title = {{Stratocumulus-capped mixed layers derived from a three-dimensional model}}, + author = {Deardorff, J.W.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1007/bf00119502}, + journal = {Boundary-Layer Meteorol.}, + pages = {495--527}, + volume = {18}, + year = {1980}, +} + +@article{Delichatsios:1984, + title = {Flame heights in turbulent wall fires with significant flame radiation}, + author = {M.A. Delichatsios}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {Combustion Science and Technology}, + pages = {195-214}, + volume = {39}, + year = {1984}, +} + +@inproceedings{deRis:IAFSS, + title = {{Similarity of Turbulent Wall Fires}}, + author = {J.L. de Ris and G.H. Markstein and L. Orloff and P.A. Beaulieu}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {Fire Safety Science -- Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium}, + pages = {259-270}, + publisher = {International Association for Fire Safety Science}, + year = {2002}, +} + +@article{DesJardin:2004, + title = {Large eddy simulation and experimental measurements of the near-field of a large turbulent helium plume}, + author = {P. E. DesJardin and T. J. O'Hern and S. R. Tieszen}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {Physics of Fluids}, + number = {6}, + pages = {1866-1883}, + volume = {16}, + year = {2004}, +} + +@article{DiBlasi:1993, + title = {{Modeling and Simulation of Combustion Processes of Charring +and Non-Charring Solid Fuels}}, + author = {Di Blasi, C.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1016/0360-1285(93)90022-7}, + journal = {Progress in Energy and Combustion Science}, + pages = {71-104}, + volume = {19}, + year = {1993}, +} + +@mastersthesis{DiGiovanni:1, + title = {{An Investigation of the Effect of Water Spray Suppression on +the Heat Release Rate of the FMRC Standard Plastic Warehouse Commodity}}, + author = {DiGiovanni, S.J.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + school = {University of Maryland}, + year = {1998}, +} + +@incollection{Diller:2015, + title = {{Heat Flux Measurement}}, + author = {Diller, T. E.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Hoboken, New Jersey}, + booktitle = {Mechanical Engineers' Handbook Volume 4 - Energy and Power}, + chapter = {7}, + edition = {Fourth}, + editor = {Kutz, Myer}, + pages = {1--27}, + publisher = {Wiley}, + year = {2015}, +} + +@incollection{Dillon:1, + title = {{Ignition Propensity and Heat Flux Profiles of Candle Flames for Fire Investigation}}, + author = {Dillon, S. and Hamins, A.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {London}, + booktitle = {Fire Science Applications to Fire Investigations}, + editor = {Vytenis Babrauskas}, + pages = {363-376}, + publisher = {Interscience Communications}, + year = {2003}, +} + +@inproceedings{Dimyadi:IAFSS9, + title = {{Sharing Building Information using the IFC Data Model for FDS Fire Simulation}}, + author = {J. Dimyadi and M. Spearpoint and R. Amor}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {Fire Safety Science -- Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium}, + doi = {10.3801/iafss.fss.9-1329}, + month = {September}, + note = {Karlsruhe, Germany}, + pages = {1329-1340}, + year = {2008}, +} + +@book{SFPE, + title = {SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {New York}, + doi = {10.1007/978-1-4939-2565-0}, + edition = {5th}, + editor = {M.J. Hurley}, + publisher = {Springer}, + year = {2016}, +} + +@inbook{SFPE2016:appendix3, + title = {SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering}, + author = {SFPE}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {New York}, + chapter = {{Appendix 3: Fuel Properties and Combustion Data}}, + doi = {10.1007/978-1-4939-2565-0}, + edition = {5th}, + publisher = {Springer}, + year = {2016}, +} + +@article{Dombrovsky:1, + title = {{Spectral properties of diesel fuel droplets}}, + author = {Dombrovsky, L.A. and Sazhin, S.S. and Mikhalovsky, S.V. and Wood, R. and Heikal, M.R.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1016/s0016-2361(02)00200-4}, + journal = {Fuel}, + pages = {15--22}, + volume = {82}, + year = {2003}, +} + +@article{Dopazo:1974, + title = {{Approach to autoignition of turbulent mixture}}, + author = {C. Dopazo and E. E. O'Brien}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {Acta Astronaut.}, + pages = {1239-1266}, + volume = {1}, + year = {1974}, +} + +@article{Drean2018, + title = {{Numerical Simulation of Fire Exposed Fa{\c{c}}ades Using LEPIR II Testing Facility}}, + author = {V. Drean and R. Schillinger and H. Leborgne and G. Auguin and E. Guillaume}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1007/s10694-018-0718-y}, + journal = {Fire Technology}, + month = {March}, + year = {2018}, +} + +@inproceedings{Dreisbach:Interflam, + title = {{Electrical Cable Failure -- Experiments and Simulation}}, + author = {J. Dreisbach and S. Nowlen and K. McGrattan and S. Hostikka}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {Interflam 2010: Proceedings of the Twelfth International Symposium}, + pages = {1857-1866}, + publisher = {Interscience Communications, London}, + year = {2010}, +} + +@book{Drysdale:1, + title = {An Introduction to Fire Dynamics}, + author = {Drysdale, D.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {New York}, + edition = {2nd}, + publisher = {John Wiley and Sons}, + year = {2002}, +} + +@book{Drysdale:2011, + title = {An Introduction to Fire Dynamics}, + author = {D. Drysdale}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Chichester, United Kingdom}, + edition = {3rd}, + publisher = {John Wiley and Sons}, + year = {2011}, +} + +@article{Dyer:1974, + title = {{A review of flux profile relationships}}, + author = {A.J. Dyer}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1007/bf00240838}, + journal = {Boundary-Layer Meteorology}, + pages = {363-372}, + volume = {7}, + year = {1974}, +} + +@article{E:CMS2003, + title = {{Gauge Method for Viscous Incompressible Flows}}, + author = {E, Weinan and Liu, Jian-Guo}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.4310/cms.2003.v1.n2.a6}, + journal = {Communications in Mathematical Sciences}, + number = {2}, + pages = {317--332}, + volume = {1}, + year = {2003}, +} + +@inproceedings{Edwards:SME2005, + title = {{Experimental and Modeling Investigation of the Effect of Ventilation on Smoke Rollback in a Mine Entry}}, + author = {Edwards, J.C. and Franks, R.A. and Friel, G.F. and Yuan, L.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the SME Annual Meeting}, + pages = {1-6}, + publisher = {Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration}, + year = {2005}, +} + +@inproceedings{Edwards:SME2006, + title = {{CFD Modeling of Fire Spread Along Combustibles in a Mine Entry}}, + author = {Edwards, J.C. and Hwang, C.C.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the SME Annual Meeting}, + pages = {1-5}, + publisher = {Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration}, + year = {2006}, +} + +@techreport{Emmerich:2, + title = {{Use of Computational Fluid Dynamics to Analyze Indoor Air Quality Issues}}, + author = {Emmerich, S.J.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, + institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, + month = {April}, + number = {5997}, + type = {NISTIR}, + year = {1997}, +} + +@article{Emmerich:1, + title = {{Application of a Large Eddy Simulation Model to Study Room Airflow}}, + author = {Emmerich, S.J. and McGrattan, K.B.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {ASHRAE Transactions}, + number = {1}, + pages = {1--9}, + volume = {104}, + year = {1998}, +} + +@techreport{MELCOR, + title = {{MELCOR Computer Code Manuals: Reference Manuals Version 1.8.5, Volume 2, Rev. 2}}, + author = {R. Gaunt {\em et al.}}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Washington, DC}, + institution = {US Nuclear Regulatory Commission}, + type = {{NUREG/CR-6119}}, + year = {2000}, +} + +@misc{SBI, + title = {{EN-13823, Reaction to Fire Tests for Building Products---Building Products Excluding Floorings Exposed to the Thermal Attack by a Single Burning Item}}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + year = {2004}, +} + +@inbook{SFPE:Evans, + title = {SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering}, + author = {Evans, D.D.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Quincy, Massachusetts}, + chapter = {Ceiling Jet Flows}, + edition = {2nd}, + publisher = {National Fire Protection Association}, + year = {1995}, +} + +@techreport{Evans:1, + title = {{Characterizing the Thermal Response of Fusible-Link Sprinklers}}, + author = {Evans, D.D. and Madrzykowski, D.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, + institution = {National Bureau of Standards (now NIST)}, + month = {August}, + number = {81-2329}, + type = {NBSIR}, + year = {1981}, +} + +@inproceedings{Evans:4, + title = {{Flame Heights and Heat Release Rates of 1991 Kuwait Oil Field Fires}}, + author = {Evans, D.D. and Madrzykowski, D. and Haynes, G.A.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Fire Safety Science}, + doi = {10.3801/iafss.fss.4-1279}, + editor = {Takashi Kashiwagi}, + organization = {International Association For Fire Safety Science}, + pages = {1279--1289}, + year = {1994}, +} + +@article{Evans:2, + title = {{In Situ Burning of Oil Spills}}, + author = {Evans, D.D. and Mulholland, G.W. and Baum, H.R. and +Walton, W.D. and McGrattan, K.B.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and +Technology}, + month = {January--February}, + number = {1}, + pages = {231--278}, + volume = {106}, + year = {2001}, +} + +@article{Evans:3, + title = {{Water Sprays Suppress Gas-Well Blowout Fire}}, + author = {Evans, D.D. and Pfenning, D.B.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {Oil and Gas Journal}, + number = {17}, + pages = {80--86}, + volume = {83}, + year = {1985}, +} + +@article{Fadlun:2000, + title = {{Combined Immersed-Boundary Finite-Difference Methods for Three-Dimensional Complex Flow Simulations}}, + author = {E.A. Fadlun and R. Verzicco and P. Orlandi and J. Mohd-Yusof}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1006/jcph.2000.6484}, + journal = {Journal of Computational Physics}, + pages = {35-60}, + volume = {161}, + year = {2000}, +} + +@book{Faghri, + title = {Transport Phenomena in Multiphase Systems}, + author = {Faghri,A. and Zhang, Y.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Cambridge, MA}, + edition = {1st}, + publisher = {Academic Press}, + year = {2006}, +} + +@inproceedings{Falkenstein-Smith:IF2019, + title = {{The Chemical Structure of Medium-Scale Pool Fires}}, + author = {R. Falkenstein-Smith and K. Sung and J. Chen and A. Hamins}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Hampshire, UK}, + booktitle = {Interflam 2019: Proceedings of the 15th International Conference and Exhibition on Fire Safety Science and Engineering}, + organization = {Interscience Communications Ltd.}, + year = {2019}, +} + +@techreport{Falkenstein-Smith:2018, + title = {{Measurement of the Flow Resistance of Vegetation}}, + author = {R. Falkenstein-Smith and K. McGrattan and B. Toman and M. Fernandez}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, + doi = {10.6028/NIST.TN.2039}, + institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, + month = {March}, + number = {2039}, + type = {{NIST Technical Note}}, + year = {2019}, +} + +@techreport{Falkenstein-Smith:2019, + title = {{The Structure of Medium-Scale Pool Fires}}, + author = {R. Falkenstein-Smith and K. Sung and J. Chen and K. Harris and A. Hamins}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, + doi = {10.6028/NIST.TN.2082}, + institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, + month = {February}, + number = {2082}, + type = {NIST Technical Note}, + year = {2020}, +} + +@techreport{Farouki:1981, + title = {{Thermal properties of soils}}, + author = {O.T. Farouki}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Hanover, New Hampshire}, + institution = {U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory}, + month = {December}, + number = {81-1}, + type = {CRREL Monograph}, + year = {1981}, +} + +@phdthesis{Fernandez:2018, + title = {Advanced Soot And Radiation Models For Laminar And Turbulent Flames}, + author = {Sebastian Ferreyro Fernandez}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + school = {The Pennsylvania State University}, + year = {2018}, +} + +@book{Ferziger:1, + title = {Computational Methods for Fluid Dynamics}, + author = {Ferziger, J.H. and Peri\'{c}, M.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Berlin}, + edition = {2nd}, + publisher = {Springer-Verlag}, + year = {1999}, +} + +@techreport{Finney:FARSITE, + title = {{Fire Area Simulator – Model, Development and Evaluation}}, + author = {M.A. Finney}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, Montana}, + institution = {United States Forest Service}, + month = {February}, + number = {RMRS-RP-4 Revised}, + type = {Research Paper}, + url = {https://www.fs.usda.gov/rm/pubs/rmrs_rp004.pdf}, + year = {2004}, +} + +@article{Fiola:FSJ2021, + title = {{Comparison of Pyrolysis Properties of Extruded and Cast Poly (methyl methacrylate)}}, + author = {G.J. Fiola and D.M. Chaudhari and S.I. Stoliarov}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1016/j.firesaf.2020.103083}, + journal = {Fire Safety Journal}, + number = {103083}, + volume = {120}, + year = {2021}, +} + +@inproceedings{Fleischmann:1, + title = {{Radiant Ignition of Upholstered Furniture}}, + author = {Fleischmann, C.M. and Chen, F.F.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Conference on Engineered Fire Protection Design}, + note = {Society of Fire Protection Engineers, Bethesda, Maryland}, + year = {2001}, +} + +@mastersthesis{Fleury:Masters, + title = {{Evaluation of Thermal Radiation Models for Fire Spread Between Objects}}, + author = {Fleury, R.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Christchurch, New Zealand}, + school = {University of Canterbury}, + year = {2010}, +} + +@techreport{Floyd:5, + title = {{Comparison of CFAST and FDS for Fire Simulation with the HDR T51 and T52 Tests}}, + author = {Floyd, J.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, + institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, + month = {March}, + number = {6866}, + type = {NISTIR}, + year = {2002}, +} + +@article{Floyd:FSJ2009, + title = {{Extending the mixture fraction concept to address under-ventilated fires}}, + author = {J. Floyd and K. McGrattan}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1016/j.firesaf.2008.07.002}, + journal = {Fire Safety Journal}, + pages = {291-300}, + volume = {44}, + year = {2009}, +} + +@inproceedings{Floyd:Interflam2010, + title = {{Modeling Soot Deposition Using Large Eddy Simulation with a Mixture Fraction Based Framework}}, + author = {Floyd, J. and McDermott, R.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the Twelfth International Interflam Conference}, + publisher = {Interscience Communications, London}, + year = {2010}, +} + +@misc{FPL:Fire_Database, + title = {{Cone Calorimeter Datasets}}, + author = {US Forest Service - Forest Products Laboratory}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + type = {Online Multimedia}, + url = {https://www.fpl.fs.usda.gov/products/products/cone/by_materials.php}, + year = {2008}, +} + +@techreport{FSSIM, + title = {{Fire and Smoke Simulator (FSSIM) Version 1: Theory Manual}}, + author = {J. Floyd and S. Hunt and F. Williams and P. Tatem}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Washington, DC}, + institution = {U.S. Naval Research Laboratory}, + type = {{NRL/MR/6180-04-8765}}, + year = {2004}, +} + +@article{Confined_JFPE, + title = {{A Network Fire Model for the Simulation of Fire Growth and Smoke Spread in Multiple Compartments with Complex Ventilation}}, + author = {J. Floyd and S. Hunt and F. Williams and P. Tatem}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {Journal of Fire Protection Engineering}, + number = {3}, + pages = {199-229}, + volume = {15}, + year = {2005}, +} + +@techreport{Confined_DTIC, + title = {{Meta-Analysis of Data from the Submarine Ventilation Doctrine Test Program}}, + author = {J. Hoover and P. Tatem and F. Williams}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Washington, DC}, + institution = {U.S. Naval Research Laboratory}, + type = {{NRL/MR/6180-98-8168}}, + year = {1998}, +} + +@article{Floyd:6, + title = {{CFD Fire Simulation Using Mixture Fraction Combustion and Finite Volume Radiative Heat Transfer}}, + author = {Floyd, J.E. and McGrattan, K.B. and Hostikka, S. and Baum, H.R.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {Journal of Fire Protection Engineering}, + month = {February}, + pages = {11-26}, + volume = {13}, + year = {2003}, +} + +@inproceedings{Floyd:1, + title = {{Simulations of the Virginia Tech Fire Research Laboratory +Using Large Eddy Simulation with Mixture Fraction Chemistry and Finite +Volume Radiative Heat Transfer}}, + author = {Floyd, J.E. and Wieczorek, C. and Vandsburger, U.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the Ninth International Interflam Conference}, + publisher = {Interscience Communications, London}, + year = {2001}, +} + +@inproceedings{Floyd:2, + title = {{Post-Test Computations of the Virginia Tech Propane Fire Compartment Study Using FDS v2}}, + author = {Floyd, J.E. and Wieczorek, C. and Vandsburger, U.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {Fire Safety Science -- Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium}, + publisher = {International Association for Fire Safety Science}, + year = {2002}, +} + +@techreport{Foote:LLNL1986, + title = {{1986 LLNL Enclosure Fire Tests Data Report}}, + author = {K.L. Foote}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + institution = {Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory}, + month = {August}, + number = {UCID-21236}, + year = {1987}, +} + +@inproceedings{Foote:IAFSS1, + title = {{Temperature Correlations for Forced-Ventilation Compartment Fires}}, + author = {K.L. Foote and P.J. Pagni and N.J. Alvares}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {Fire Safety Science -- Proceedings of the First International Symposium}, + pages = {139-148}, + publisher = {International Association for Fire Safety Science}, + year = {1986}, +} + +@article{Forney:1, + title = {{Analyzing and Exploiting Numerical Characteristics of Zone +Fire Models}}, + author = {Forney, G.P. and Moss, W.F.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.3210/fst.14.49}, + journal = {Fire Science and Technology}, + pages = {49-60}, + volume = {14}, + year = {1994}, +} + +@techreport{Forsberg:1, + title = {Technical Inspection and Safety Division - Fire Prevention Section}, + author = {Forsberg, P.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + institution = {European Organization for Nuclear Research}, + year = {2000}, +} + +@book{fox2003, + title = {{Computational Models for Turbulent Reacting Flows}}, + author = {Fox, R.O.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1017/cbo9780511610103}, + publisher = {Cambridge Univ Pr}, + year = {2003}, +} + +@article{Fraga:2020, + title = {{Thermal Conversion of Pine Wood and Kinetic Analysis under Oxidative and Non-Oxidative Environments at Low Heating Rate}}, + author = {L.G. Fraga and J. Silva and S. Teixeira and D. Soares and M. Ferreira and J. Teixeira}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {Proceedings}, + number = {23}, + url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2504-3900/58/1/23}, + volume = {58}, + year = {2020}, +} + +@article{Frankman:CST2010, + title = {{Fine Fuel Heating by Radiant Flux}}, + author = {D. Frankman and B.W. Webb and B.W. Butler and D.J. Latham}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {Combustion Science and Technology}, + pages = {215-230}, + volume = {182}, + year = {2010}, +} + +@techreport{Friday:1, + title = {{Comparison of FDS Model Predictions with FM/SNL Fire Test Data}}, + author = {Friday, P. and Mowrer, F. W.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, + institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, + month = {April}, + number = {01-810}, + type = {NIST GCR}, + year = {2001}, +} + +@techreport{Friedman:1, + title = {{Survey of Computer Models for Fire and Smoke}}, + author = {Friedman, R.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Norwood, Massachusetts}, + institution = {Factory Mutual Research Corporation}, + month = {March}, + year = {1990}, +} + +@article{Fujita, + title = {{Experimental study on effect of relative humidty on heat transfer of an evaporating water droplet in air flow}}, + author = {A. Fujita and R. Kurose and S. Komori}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {International Journal of Multiphase Flow}, + pages = {244-247}, + volume = {36}, + year = {2010}, +} + +@inproceedings{Gandhi:2, + title = {{Understanding Sprinkler Sprays}}, + author = {Gandhi, P.D. and Sheppard, D. and Lueptow, R.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fire Suppression and Detection Research Application Symposium}, + publisher = {The Fire Protection Research Foundation, Quincy, Massachusetts}, + year = {2000}, +} + +@inproceedings{Gandhi:1, + title = {{Using PDPA in Evaluation of Sprinklers}}, + author = {Gandhi, P.D. and Steppan, D.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fire Suppression and Detection Research Application Symposium}, + pages = {65--78}, + publisher = {The Fire Protection Research Foundation, Quincy, Massachusetts}, + year = {1999}, +} + +@techreport{Gavelli:1, + title = {{Effect of Minute Water Droplets on a Simulated Sprinkler Link Thermal Response}}, + author = {Gavelli, F. and Ruffino, P. and Anderson, G. and di Marzo, M.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, + institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, + month = {July}, + number = {99-776}, + type = {NIST GCR}, + year = {1999}, +} + +@techreport{Gavin, + title = {{PROGRAM DROP: A Computer Program for Prediction of Evaporation from Freely Falling Multicomponent Drops}}, + author = {Gavin, P.M.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Albuquerque, NM}, + doi = {10.2172/434473}, + institution = {Sandia National Laboratories}, + month = {December}, + number = {96-2878}, + type = {SAND}, + year = {1996}, +} + +@book{Gelman:Stats, + title = {Bayesian Data Analysis}, + author = {A. Gelman and J.B. Carlin and H.S. Stein and D.B. Rubin}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Boca Raton, Florida}, + edition = {2nd}, + publisher = {Chapman and Hall/CRC Press}, + year = {2004}, +} + +@article{Germano:1991, + title = {A dynamic subgrid-scale eddy viscosity model}, + author = {M. Germano and U. Piomelli and P. Moin and W. Cabot}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {Physics of Fluids A}, + number = {7}, + pages = {1760-1765}, + volume = {3}, + year = {1991}, +} + +@article{Germano:1, + title = {{A Dynamic Subgrid-Scale Eddy Viscosity Model}}, + author = {Germano, M. and Piomelli, U. and Moin, P. and Cabot, W.H.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {Physics of Fluids A}, + number = {7}, + pages = {1760--1765}, + volume = {3}, + year = {1991}, +} + +@techreport{Gordon:1994, + title = {{Computer program for calculation of complex chemical equilibrium compositions and applications}}, + author = {Gordon, S. and McBride, B.J.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Cleveland, Ohio}, + institution = {National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Management, Scientific and Technical Information Program}, + type = {{NASA Reference Publication 1311}}, + year = {1994}, +} + +@inbook{SFPE:Gottuk, + title = {SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering}, + author = {D.T. Gottuk and B.Y. Lattimer}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {New York}, + chapter = {Effect of Combustion Conditions on Species Production}, + doi = {10.1007/978-1-4939-2565-0}, + edition = {5th}, + publisher = {Springer}, + year = {2016}, +} + +@inbook{SFPE:Gottuk_and_White, + title = {SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering}, + author = {D.T. Gottuk and D.A. White}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {New York}, + chapter = {Liquid Fuel Fires}, + doi = {10.1007/978-1-4939-2565-0}, + edition = {5th}, + publisher = {Springer}, + year = {2016}, +} + +@inproceedings{Gottuk:IAFSS2008, + title = {{Smoke Transport and FDS Validation}}, + author = {D. Gottuk and C. Mealy and J. Floyd}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {Fire Safety Science -- Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium}, + doi = {10.3801/iafss.fss.9-129}, + pages = {129-140}, + publisher = {International Association for Fire Safety Science}, + year = {2008}, +} + +@article{Gottlieb:2001, + title = {{Strong Stability-Preserving High-Order Time Discretization Methods}}, + author = {Gottlieb, S. and Shu, C.-W. and Tadmor, E.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {SIAM Review}, + number = {1}, + pages = {89-112}, + volume = {43}, + year = {2001}, +} + +@article{Gottlieb:2009, + title = {High order strong stability preserving time discretizations}, + author = {Gottlieb, Sigal and Ketcheson, David I and Shu, Chi-Wang}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1007/s10915-008-9239-z}, + journal = {Journal of Scientific Computing}, + number = {3}, + pages = {251--289}, + publisher = {Springer US}, + volume = {38}, + year = {2009}, +} + +@article{Grinberg:JCP2010, + title = {{A new domain decomposition method with overlapping patches for ultrascale simulations: Application to biological flows}}, + author = {L. Grinberg and G.E. Karniadakis}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1016/j.jcp.2010.04.014}, + journal = {Journal of Computational Physics}, + pages = {5541-5563}, + volume = {229}, + year = {2010}, +} + +@book{Grishin:1997, + title = {Mathematical modeling of forest fires and new methods of fighting them}, + author = {Grishin, A.M.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + publisher = {Publishing House of the Tomsk State University}, + year = {1997}, +} + +@book{Gropp:1, + title = {Using MPI -- Portable Parallel Programming with the Message-Passing +Interface}, + author = {Gropp, W. and Lusk, E. and Skjellum, A.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts}, + edition = {2nd}, + publisher = {MIT Press}, + year = {1999}, +} + +@techreport{RadCal, + title = {{RadCal: A Narrow Band Model for Radiation Calculations in a Combustion Environment}}, + author = {Grosshandler, W.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, + institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, + type = {{NIST Technical Note 1402}}, + year = {1993}, +} + +@techreport{Grosshandler:Station, + title = {{Report of the Technical Investigation of The Station Nightclub Fire}}, + author = {W.L. Grosshandler and N. Bryner and D. Madrzykowski and K. Kuntz}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Gaithersburg, MD}, + institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, + month = {June}, + number = {2}, + type = {NIST NCSTAR}, + year = {2005}, +} + +@book{Gardiner:2004, + title = {Handbook of Stochastic Methods for Physics, Chemistry and the Natural Sciences}, + author = {C.W. Gardiner}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Berlin}, + edition = {3rd}, + publisher = {Springer-Verlag}, + year = {2004}, +} + +@unpublished{Gustafsson:1, + title = {{A Sprinkler Specialist's View}}, + author = {Gustafsson, N.E.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + month = {November}, + note = {Position paper presented at the Smoke Ventilation and Sprinklers +Seminar, Fire Research Station, Borehamwood, UK}, + year = {1992}, +} + +@article{Gutierrez:Building_and_Environment, + title = {{Experimental data and numerical modelling of 1.3 and 2.3~MW fires in a 20 m cubic atrium}}, + author = {C. Guti\'{e}rrez-Montes and E. Sanmiguel-Rojas and A. Viedma and G. Rein}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {Building and Environment}, + pages = {1827-1839}, + url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1842/2761}, + volume = {44}, + year = {2009}, +} + +@misc{Gupta:2015, + title = {{CFD Modeling of Fire Growth in Rack-Storages of Cartoned Unexpanded Plastic (CUP) Commodity}}, + author = {A. Gupta and K. Meredith and G. Agarwal and S. Thumuluru and Y. Xin and M. Chaos and Y. Wang}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Norwood, MA}, + howpublished = {FM Global Open Source CFD Fire Modeling Workshop}, + year = {2015}, +} + +@article{Hadjisophocleous:FT2009, + title = {{Comparison of FDS Prediction of Smoke Movement in a 10-Storey Building with Experimental Data}}, + author = {G. Hadjisophocleous and Q. Jia}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1007/s10694-008-0075-3}, + journal = {Fire Technology}, + pages = {163-177}, + volume = {45}, + year = {2009}, +} + +@article{Hale:1, + title = {{Optical constants of water in the 200 nm to 200 $mu$m wavelength region}}, + author = {Hale, G.M. and Querry, M.R.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {Applied Optics}, + number = {3}, + pages = {555--563}, + volume = {12}, + year = {1973}, +} + +@article{Hallman:PES1974, + title = {{Polymer surface reflectance-absorptance characteristics}}, + author = {J.R. 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Gore}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {Combustion Science and Technology}, + pages = {37-62}, + volume = {97}, + year = {1994}, +} + +@inproceedings{Hamins:NASA, + title = {{Suppression of Low Strain Rate Non-Premixed Flames by an Agent}}, + author = {Hamins, A. and Bundy, M. and Puri, I.K. and McGrattan, K.B. and Park, W.C.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 6th International Microgravity Combustion Workshop, NASA/CP-2001-210826}, + month = {May}, + organization = {National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio}, + pages = {101-104}, + year = {2001}, +} + +@techreport{Hamins:SP1013-1, + title = {{Report of Experimental Results for the International Fire Model Benchmarking and Validation Exercise 3}}, + author = {Hamins, A. and Maranghides, A. and Johnsson, R. and Donnelly, M. and Yang, G. and Mulholland, G. and Anleitner, R.L.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, + institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, + month = {May}, + note = {Joint Publication of NIST and the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NUREG/CR-6905)}, + number = {1013-1}, + type = {NIST Special Publication}, + year = {2006}, +} + +@techreport{NIST_NCSTAR_1-5B, + title = {{Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the +World Trade Center Disaster: Experiments and Modeling of Structural Steel Elements Exposed to Fire}}, + author = {Hamins, A. and Maranghides, A. and McGrattan, K.B. and +Johnsson, E. and Ohlemiller, T. and Donnelly, M. and Yang, J. and Mulholland, G. and +Prasad, K. and Kukuck, S. and Anleitner, R. and McAllister, T.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, + institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, + month = {September}, + number = {1-5B}, + type = {NIST NCSTAR}, + year = {2005}, +} + +@techreport{NIST_NCSTAR_1-5E, + title = {{Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the +World Trade Center Disaster: Experiments and Modeling of Multiple Workstations Burning in a Compartment}}, + author = {Hamins, A. and Maranghides, A. and McGrattan, K.B. and +Ohlemiller and Anletiner, R.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, + institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, + month = {September}, + number = {1-5E}, + type = {NIST NCSTAR}, + year = {2005}, +} + +@techreport{Hamins:1, + title = {{Reduced-Scale Experiments to Characterize the Suppression of +Rack Storage Commodity Fires}}, + author = {Hamins, A. and McGrattan, K.B.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, + institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, + number = {6439}, + type = {NISTIR}, + year = {1999}, +} + +@techreport{Hamins:NISTIR7013, + title = {{The Global Combustion Behavior of 1~MW to 3~MW Hydrocarbon Spray Fires Burning in an Open Environment}}, + author = {A. Hamins and A. Maranghides and G. Mulholland}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, + institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, + number = {7013}, + type = {NISTIR}, + year = {2003}, +} + +@inproceedings{Hamins:IAFSS2002, + title = {{Reduced-Scale Experiments on the Water Suppression of a Rack-Storage +Commodity Fire for Calibration of a CFD Fire Model}}, + author = {Hamins, A. and McGrattan, K.B.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {Fire Safety Science -- Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium}, + pages = {457-468}, + publisher = {International Association for Fire Safety Science}, + year = {2002}, +} + +@techreport{Hamins:TN2016, + title = {{Energetics of Small and Moderate-Scale Gaseous Pool Fires}}, + author = {A. Hamins}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, + institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, + number = {1926}, + type = {NIST Technical Note}, + year = {2016}, +} + +@techreport{Hamins:TN1928, + title = {{The Structure of a Moderate-Scale Methanol Pool Fire}}, + author = {A. Hamins and A. Lock}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, + institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, + month = {November}, + note = {10.6028/NIST.TN.1928}, + number = {1928}, + type = {NIST Technical Note}, + year = {2016}, +} + +@article{Hamins:CF1991, + title = {{Estimate of Flame Radiance via a Single Location Measurement in Liquid Pool Fires}}, + author = {A. Hamins and M. Klassen and J. Gore and T. 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Ingason}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Sweden}, + institution = {M\"{a}lardalen University}, + month = {August}, + year = {2010}, +} + +@inproceedings{Hardy:1, + title = {{Empirical Correlations for Thermal Flowmeters Covering a Wide Range of Thermal-Physical Properties}}, + author = {Hardy, J.E. and Hylton, J.O. and McKnight, T.E.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {National Conference of Standards labs (NCSL) 1999 Workshop and Symposium}, + note = {Charlotte, North Carolina}, + year = {1999}, +} + +@inproceedings{Harris:ISTSS2010, + title = {{Water Application Rates for Fixed Fire Fighting Systems in Road Tunnels}}, + author = {Harris, K.J.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Tunnel Safety and Security}, + pages = {351-362}, + year = {2010}, +} + +@article{Harris:JWE1996, + title = {Gumbel re-visited---a new look at extreme value statistics applied to wind speeds}, + author = {R. I. 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Spearpoint}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {Fire Safety Science -- Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium}, + pages = {727-738}, + publisher = {International Association for Fire Safety Science}, + year = {2008}, +} + +@article{Harrison:FT2007, + title = {The balcony spill plume: entrainment of air into a flow from a compartment opening to a higher projecting balcony}, + author = {R. Harrison and M. Spearpoint}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1007/s10694-007-0019-3}, + journal = {Fire Technology}, + number = {4}, + pages = {301-317}, + volume = {43}, + year = {2007}, +} + +@article{Harrison:FSJ2010, + title = {Physical scale modeling of adhered spill plume entrainment}, + author = {R. Harrison and M. 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Kempf}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + school = {Technischen Universit\"{a}t Darmstadt}, + year = {2003}, +} + +@techreport{Kerber:1, + title = {{Characterizing Positive Pressure Ventilation using Computational Fluid Dynamics}}, + author = {Kerber, S. and Walton, W.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, + institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, + month = {February}, + number = {7065}, + type = {NISTIR}, + year = {2003}, +} + +@article{Ketcheson:2009, + title = {Optimal implicit strong stability preserving Runge--Kutta methods}, + author = {Ketcheson, David I and Macdonald, Colin B and Gottlieb, Sigal}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1016/j.apnum.2008.03.034}, + journal = {Applied Numerical Mathematics}, + number = {2}, + pages = {373--392}, + publisher = {North-Holland}, + volume = {59}, + year = {2009}, +} + +@article{Khawam:2006, + title = {{Solid-State Kinetic Models: Basics and Mathematical Fundamentals}}, + author = {A. Khawam and D. R. Flanagan}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {J. Phys. Chem. B}, + pages = {17315-17328}, + volume = {110}, + year = {2006}, +} + +@article{Kim:BE2003, + title = {{An Experimental and Numerical Study on Fire Suppression using a Water Mist in an Enclosure}}, + author = {Kim, S.C. and Ryou, H.S.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1016/s0360-1323(03)00134-3}, + journal = {Building and Environment}, + pages = {1309-1316}, + volume = {38}, + year = {2003}, +} + +@article{Kim:IJACR2004, + title = {{The Effects of Water Mist on the Compartment Fire}}, + author = {Kim, S.C. and Ryou, H.S.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration}, + number = {1}, + pages = {30-36}, + volume = {12}, + year = {2004}, +} + +@article{Kim:FSJ2019, + title = {{Energy Balance in Medium-Scale Methanol, Ethanol, and Acetone Pool Fires}}, + author = {S.C. Kim and K.Y. Lee and A. Hamins}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1016/j.firesaf.2019.01.004}, + journal = {Fire Safety Journal}, + pages = {44-53}, + volume = {107}, + year = {2019}, +} + +@article{Kim, + title = {{Assessment of The Finite-Volume Method and +The Discrete Ordinate Method for Radiative Heat Transfer In a +Three-Dimensional Rectangular Enclosure}}, + author = {Kim, S.H. and Huh, K.Y.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {Numerical Heat Transfer, Part B}, + pages = {85-112}, + volume = {35}, + year = {1999}, +} + +@article{KimYJ_Trouve:FSJ2023, + title = {Evaluation of angular resolution requirements in the finite-volume memthod solution of the radiative transfer equation}, + author = {Y.J. Kim and A. Trouv\'{e}}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {Fire Safety Journal}, + pages = {103971}, + volume = {141}, + year = {2023}, +} + +@techreport{Klassen:GCR1994, + title = {{Structure and Radiation Properties of Pool Fires}}, + author = {M. Klassen and J.P. Gore}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, + institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, + month = {June}, + number = {94-651}, + type = {NIST GCR}, + year = {1994}, +} + +@inproceedings{Klein:2008, + title = {Assessment of {LES} Quality Measures Using the Error Landscape Approach}, + author = {M. Klein and J. Meyers and B. Guerts}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {Quality and Reliability of Large-Eddy Simulations}, + doi = {10.1007/978-1-4020-8578-9_11}, + publisher = {Springer}, + year = {2008}, +} + +@article{Kodur:1, + title = {{Effect of Temperature on Thermal Properties of High-Strength Concrete}}, + author = {Kodur, V.K.R. and Sultan, M.A.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering}, + month = {March/April}, + number = {2}, + pages = {101-107}, + volume = {15}, + year = {2003}, +} + +@techreport{PNNL:Caldecott, + title = {{Spent Fuel Transportation Cask Response to the Caldecott Tunnel Fire Scenario}}, + author = {Koeppel, B.J. and Cuta, J.M. and Adkins, H.E.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Richland, Washington}, + institution = {{Pacific Northwest National Laboratory}}, + note = {{US Nuclear Regulatory Agency, Washington DC, NUREG/CR-6894}}, + type = {{Report PNNL-15346}}, + year = {2006}, +} + +@phdthesis{SdBK, + title = {Numerical simulation of non-premixed turbulent combustion}, + author = {Stephen M. de Bruyn Kops}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + school = {The University of Washington}, + year = {1999}, +} + +@techreport{Kim:1987, + title = {{Transport of Passive Scalars in Turbulent Channel Flow}}, + author = {J. Kim and P. Moin}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Moffet Field, California}, + institution = {National Aeronautics and Space Administration}, + month = {September}, + number = {89463}, + type = {Technical Memorandum}, + year = {1987}, +} + +@inproceedings{Kolaitis, + title = {{Comparing Evaporation Rates of Single Suspended Droplets}}, + author = {D. Kolaitis and M. Founti}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {10th Workshop on Two-Phase Flow Predictions}, + publisher = {European Research Community on Flow, Turbulence, and Combustion}, + year = {2002}, +} + +@article{Koylu:1, + title = {{Carbon Monoxide and Soot Emissions from Liquid-Fueled Buoyant Turbulent Diffusion Flames}}, + author = {\"{U}.\"{O}. K\"{o}yl\"{u} and G.M. Faeth}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1016/0010-2180(91)90027-9}, + journal = {Combustion and Flame}, + pages = {61-76}, + volume = {87}, + year = {1991}, +} + +@inproceedings{Kramer:1, + title = {{Radiation Heat Transfer to the Leeward Side of a Massive Object Suspended over a Pool Fire}}, + author = {Kramer, M.A. and Greiner, M. and Koski, J.A.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of 2001 ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition}, + month = {November}, + note = {IMECE2001/HTD-24250}, + organization = {American Society of Mechanical Engineering}, + year = {2001}, +} + +@inproceedings{Kumar:1, + title = {{JASMINE Sprinkler Model - Some Validation Studies}}, + author = {Kumar, S. and Heywood, G.M. and Liew, S.K. and Atkins, W.S.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the First European Symposium on Fire Safety Science}, + note = {ETH, Zurich}, + year = {1995}, +} + +@techreport{Kummel:2007, + title = {Technische Str\"omungsmechanik}, + author = {K\"ummel, W.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {3. Auflage}, + institution = {B.G. Teubner}, + year = {2007}, +} + +@book{Kundu:1, + title = {Fluid Mechanics}, + author = {Kundu, P.K. and Cohen, I.M.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {San Diego}, + edition = {Third}, + publisher = {Elsevier Academic Press}, + year = {2004}, +} + +@article{Kwon:Fire_Technology_2007, + title = {{Evaluation of FDS V.4: Upward Flame Spread}}, + author = {Kwon, J.W. and Dembsey, N.A. and Lautenberger, C.W.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1007/s10694-007-0020-x}, + journal = {Fire Technology}, + pages = {255-284}, + volume = {43}, + year = {2007}, +} + +@techreport{Larson:Caldecott, + title = {{The Caldecott Tunnel Fire Thermal Environments, Regulatory Considerations and Probabilities}}, + author = {Larson, D.W. and Reese, R.T. and Wilmot, E.L.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Albuquerque, New Mexico}, + institution = {{Sandia National Laboratories}}, + type = {{Internal Report to US Department of Energy under contract number DE-AC04-76DP00789}}, + year = {1984}, } @article{Lattimer:FTJ:2013, - author = {Brian Y. Lattimer and Christopher Mealy and Jesse Beitel}, - doi = {10.1007/s10694-012-0261-1}, - issn = {00152684}, - issue = {2}, - journal = {Fire Technology}, - keywords = {Ceiling,Corner,Corridor,Flame length,Gas temperature,Heat flux,Tunnels,Unbounded}, - pages = {269-291}, - title = {Heat Fluxes and Flame Lengths from Fires Under Ceilings}, - volume = {49}, - year = {2013}, -} - -@ARTICLE{GPyro:FSJ, - author = {Lautenberger, C. and Fernandez-Pello, C.}, - title = {{Generalized pyrolysis model for combustible solids}}, - journal = {Fire Safety Journal}, - year = {2009}, - pages = {819-839}, - volume = {44}, -} - -@ARTICLE{Lautenberger:2009, - author = {Lautenberger, C. and Fernandez-Pello, C.}, - title = {{A model for oxidative pyrolysis of wood}}, - journal = {Combustion and Flame}, - year = {2009}, - pages = {1503-1513}, - volume = {156}, -} - -@ARTICLE{Lautenberger:FSJ, - author = {Lautenberger, C. and Rein, G. and Fernandez-Pello, C.}, - title = {{The Application of a Genetic Algorithm to Estimate the Material Properties for Fire - Modeling from Bench-Scale Fire Test Data}}, - journal = {Fire Safety Journal}, - year = {2006}, - pages = {204-214}, - volume = {41}, -} - -@TECHREPORT{Leventon:NIST_TN_2282, - author = {I. Leventon and M. Heck and K. McGrattan and M. Bundy and R. Davis}, - title = {{The Impact of Material Composition on Ignitability and Fire Growth. Volume 1: Full-Scale Burning Behavior of Combustible Solids Commonly Found in Nuclear Power Plants}}, - institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, - year = {2024}, - type = {NIST Technical Note}, - number = {6196-1}, - address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland} -} - -@BOOK{Leveque:1, - author = {Leveque, R. J.}, - title = {Finite Volume Methods for Hyperbolic Problems}, - publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, - address = {New York}, - year = {2002}, -} - -@TECHREPORT{Ma:2, - author = {Liang, K.M. and Ma, T. and Quintiere, J.G. and Rouson, D.}, - title = {{Application of CFD Modeling to Room Fire Growth on Walls}}, - institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, - month = {April}, - year = {2003}, - type = {NIST GCR}, - number = {03-849}, - address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, -} - -@ARTICLE{Le:1997, - author={H. Le and P. Moin and J. Kim}, - title={Direct numerical simulation of turbulent flow over a backward-facing step}, - journal={Journal of Fluid Mechanics}, - volume={330}, - pages={349-374}, - year={1997}, - doi={10.1017/S0022112096003941} -} - -@ARTICLE{Li:FSJ2010, - author = {Y.Z. Li and B. Lei and H. Ingason}, - title = {Study of critical velocity and backlayering length in longitudinally ventilated tunnel fires}, - journal = {Fire Safety Journal}, - volume = {45}, - pages = {361-370}, - year = {2010} -} - -@ARTICLE{Li:IJHMT, - author = {J. Li and J. Gong and S.I. Stoliarov}, - title = {{Gasification Experiments for Pyrolysis Model Parameterization and Validation}}, - journal = {International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer}, - volume = {77}, - pages = {738-744}, - year = {2014} -} - -@ARTICLE{Li:CF, - author = {J. Li and S.I. Stoliarov}, - title = {{Measurement of kinetics and thermodynamics of the thermal degradation for non-charring polymers}}, - journal = {Combustion and Flame}, - volume = {160}, - pages = {1287-1297}, - year = {2013} -} - -@ARTICLE{Li:PDS_2014, - author = {J. Li and S.I. Stoliarov}, - title = {{Measurement of kinetics and thermodynamics of the thermal degradation for charring polymers}}, - journal = {Polymer Degradation and Stability}, - volume = {106}, - pages = {2-15}, - year = {2014} -} - -@ARTICLE{Li:PDS_2015, - author = {J. Li and J. Gong and S.I. Stoliarov}, - title = {{Development of pyrolysis models for charring polymers}}, - journal = {Polymer Degradation and Stability}, - volume = {115}, - pages = {138-152}, - year = {2015} -} - -@PHDTHESIS{Li:Thesis, - author = {J. Li}, - title = {{A Multi-Scale Approach to Parameterization of Burning Models for Polymeric Materials}}, - school = {University of Maryland}, - address = {College Park, Maryland}, - year = {2014} -} - -@ARTICLE{LiChow:2008, - author = {Li., Y.F. and Chow, W.K.}, - title = {Study of Water Droplet Behavior in Hot Air Layer in Fire Extinguishment}, - journal = {Fire Technology}, - volume = {44}, - pages = {351--381}, - year = {2008}, - doi = {10.1007/s10694-007-0036-2}, -} - -@INPROCEEDINGS{Lilleberg:2010, - author = {B. Lilleberg and B. Panjwani and I. S. Ertesvag}, - title = {{Large Eddy Simulation of Methane Diffusion Flame: Comparison of Chemical Kinetics Mechanisms}}, - booktitle = {ICNAAM, Numerical Analysis and Applied Mathematics, International Conference}, - organization = {American Institute of Physics}, - volume = {III}, - year = {2010}, - pages = {2158-2161}, -} - -@ARTICLE{Lilly:1, - author = {Lilly, D.K.}, - title = {{A Proposed Modification of the Germano Subgrid-Scale Closure Method}}, - journal = {Physics of Fluids A}, - volume = {4}, - number = {3}, - pages = {633-635}, - year = {1992}, -} - -@INPROCEEDINGS{Lilly:1967, - author = {Lilly, D.K.}, - title = {{The representation of small-scale turbulence in numerical simulation experiments}}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the IBM Scientific Computing Symposium on Environmental Sciences}, - address = {Yorktown Heights, USA}, - year = {1967}, -} - -@INPROCEEDINGS{Linteris:ISSM4, - author = {Linteris, G.T. and Rafferty, I.}, - title = {{Scale Model Flames for Determining the Heat Release Rate from Burning Polymers}}, - booktitle = {Fourth International Symposium on Scale Modeling (ISSM-IV)}, - year = {2003}, - month = {September}, - pages = {231-240}, - publisher = "Microgravity Science Division, NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio", -} - -@ARTICLE{Linteris:2, - author = {G. Linteris and M. Zammarano and B. Wilthan and L. Hanssen}, - title = {{Absorption and reflection of infrared radiation by polymers in fire-like environments}}, - journal = {Fire and Materials}, - volume = 36, - number = 7, - pages = {537-553}, - year = 2012 -} - -@INPROCEEDINGS{Liou:1, - author = {Liou, T.M and Hwang, P.W.}, - title = {{Numerical Visualization and Residence Time Determination of - Turbulent Reacting Duct Flow with Mass Bleed and a Backstep on One Wall}}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh Symposium (International) on Combustion}, - organization = {Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania}, - year = {1998}, - pages = {1131-1138}, -} - -@TECHREPORT{Livingood:1973, - author = {Livingood, J.N.B. and Hrycak, P.}, - title = {{Impingement Heat Transfer from Turbulent Air Jets to Flat Plates - A Literature Survey}}, - type = {NASA Tehnical Memorandum}, - number = {1973}, - institution = {National Aeronautics and Space Administration}, - address = {Washington, D.C.}, - year = {May 1973} -} - -@TECHREPORT{Lock:1, - author = {Lock, A. and Bundy, M. and Johnsson, E.L. and Hamins, A. and Ko, G.H. and Hwang, C. and Fuss, P. and Harris, R.}, - title = {{Experimental Study of the Effects of Fuel Type, Fuel Distribution, and Vent Size on Full-Scale Underventilated Compartment Fires in an ISO 9705 Room }}, - type = {NIST Technical Note}, - number = {1603}, - institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, - address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, - year = {2008} -} - -@INPROCEEDINGS{Lohasz:1, - author = {M. Loh\'asz and P. Rambaud and C. Benocci}, - title = {{LES Simulation of Ribbed Square Duct Flow with Fluent and Comparison with PIV Data}}, - booktitle = {The 12th International Conference on Fluid Flow Technologies}, - year = {2003}, - address = {Budapest, Hungary}, -} - -@INPROCEEDINGS{Lonnermark:Interflam2004, - author = {Lonnermark, A. and Ingason, H.}, - title = {{Fires in Heavy Goods Vehicle (HGV) Cargos in Tunnels}}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the Tenth International Interflam Conference}, - year = {2004}, - publisher = {Interscience Communications, London}, - pages = {1529-1540}, -} - -@ARTICLE{Lowesmith:PSEP2012, - title = {Large scale high pressure jet fires involving natural gas and natural gas/hydrogen mixtures}, - volume = {90}, - journal = {Process Safety and Environmental Protection}, - author = {B.J. Lowesmith and G. Hankinson}, - year = {2012}, - pages = {108-120} -} - -@ARTICLE{Loth:1, - title = {Quasi-steady shape and drag of deformable bubbles and drops}, - volume = {34}, - number = {6}, - journal = {International Journal of Multiphase Flow}, - author = {Loth, E.}, - month = jun, - year = {2008}, - pages = {523-546} + title = {Heat Fluxes and Flame Lengths from Fires Under Ceilings}, + author = {Brian Y. Lattimer and Christopher Mealy and Jesse Beitel}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1007/s10694-012-0261-1}, + issn = {00152684}, + issue = {2}, + journal = {Fire Technology}, + keywords = {Ceiling,Corner,Corridor,Flame length,Gas temperature,Heat flux,Tunnels,Unbounded}, + pages = {269-291}, + volume = {49}, + year = {2013}, +} + +@article{GPyro:FSJ, + title = {{Generalized pyrolysis model for combustible solids}}, + author = {Lautenberger, C. and Fernandez-Pello, C.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1016/j.firesaf.2009.03.011}, + journal = {Fire Safety Journal}, + pages = {819-839}, + volume = {44}, + year = {2009}, +} + +@article{Lautenberger:2009, + title = {{A model for oxidative pyrolysis of wood}}, + author = {Lautenberger, C. and Fernandez-Pello, C.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {Combustion and Flame}, + pages = {1503-1513}, + volume = {156}, + year = {2009}, +} + +@article{Lautenberger:FSJ, + title = {{The Application of a Genetic Algorithm to Estimate the Material Properties for Fire +Modeling from Bench-Scale Fire Test Data}}, + author = {Lautenberger, C. and Rein, G. and Fernandez-Pello, C.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {Fire Safety Journal}, + pages = {204-214}, + volume = {41}, + year = {2006}, +} + +@techreport{Leventon:NIST_TN_2282, + title = {{The Impact of Material Composition on Ignitability and Fire Growth. Volume 1: Full-Scale Burning Behavior of Combustible Solids Commonly Found in Nuclear Power Plants}}, + author = {I. Leventon and M. Heck and K. McGrattan and M. Bundy and R. Davis}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, + institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, + number = {6196-1}, + type = {NIST Technical Note}, + year = {2024}, +} + +@book{Leveque:1, + title = {Finite Volume Methods for Hyperbolic Problems}, + author = {Leveque, R. J.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {New York}, + doi = {10.1017/cbo9780511791253}, + publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, + year = {2002}, +} + +@techreport{Ma:2, + title = {{Application of CFD Modeling to Room Fire Growth on Walls}}, + author = {Liang, K.M. and Ma, T. and Quintiere, J.G. and Rouson, D.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, + institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, + month = {April}, + number = {03-849}, + type = {NIST GCR}, + year = {2003}, +} + +@article{Le:1997, + title = {Direct numerical simulation of turbulent flow over a backward-facing step}, + author = {H. Le and P. Moin and J. Kim}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1017/S0022112096003941}, + journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics}, + pages = {349-374}, + volume = {330}, + year = {1997}, +} + +@article{Li:FSJ2010, + title = {Study of critical velocity and backlayering length in longitudinally ventilated tunnel fires}, + author = {Y.Z. Li and B. Lei and H. Ingason}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1016/j.firesaf.2010.07.003}, + journal = {Fire Safety Journal}, + pages = {361-370}, + volume = {45}, + year = {2010}, +} + +@article{Li:IJHMT, + title = {{Gasification Experiments for Pyrolysis Model Parameterization and Validation}}, + author = {J. Li and J. Gong and S.I. Stoliarov}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2014.06.003}, + journal = {International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer}, + pages = {738-744}, + volume = {77}, + year = {2014}, +} + +@article{Li:CF, + title = {{Measurement of kinetics and thermodynamics of the thermal degradation for non-charring polymers}}, + author = {J. Li and S.I. Stoliarov}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1016/j.combustflame.2013.02.012}, + journal = {Combustion and Flame}, + pages = {1287-1297}, + volume = {160}, + year = {2013}, +} + +@article{Li:PDS_2014, + title = {{Measurement of kinetics and thermodynamics of the thermal degradation for charring polymers}}, + author = {J. Li and S.I. Stoliarov}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.09.022}, + journal = {Polymer Degradation and Stability}, + pages = {2-15}, + volume = {106}, + year = {2014}, +} + +@article{Li:PDS_2015, + title = {{Development of pyrolysis models for charring polymers}}, + author = {J. Li and J. Gong and S.I. Stoliarov}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.03.003}, + journal = {Polymer Degradation and Stability}, + pages = {138-152}, + volume = {115}, + year = {2015}, +} + +@phdthesis{Li:Thesis, + title = {{A Multi-Scale Approach to Parameterization of Burning Models for Polymeric Materials}}, + author = {J. Li}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {College Park, Maryland}, + school = {University of Maryland}, + year = {2014}, +} + +@article{LiChow:2008, + title = {Study of Water Droplet Behavior in Hot Air Layer in Fire Extinguishment}, + author = {Li., Y.F. and Chow, W.K.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1007/s10694-007-0036-2}, + journal = {Fire Technology}, + pages = {351--381}, + volume = {44}, + year = {2008}, +} + +@inproceedings{Lilleberg:2010, + title = {{Large Eddy Simulation of Methane Diffusion Flame: Comparison of Chemical Kinetics Mechanisms}}, + author = {B. Lilleberg and B. Panjwani and I. S. Ertesvag}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {ICNAAM, Numerical Analysis and Applied Mathematics, International Conference}, + organization = {American Institute of Physics}, + pages = {2158-2161}, + volume = {III}, + year = {2010}, +} + +@article{Lilly:1, + title = {{A Proposed Modification of the Germano Subgrid-Scale Closure Method}}, + author = {Lilly, D.K.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {Physics of Fluids A}, + number = {3}, + pages = {633-635}, + volume = {4}, + year = {1992}, +} + +@inproceedings{Lilly:1967, + title = {{The representation of small-scale turbulence in numerical simulation experiments}}, + author = {Lilly, D.K.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Yorktown Heights, USA}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the IBM Scientific Computing Symposium on Environmental Sciences}, + year = {1967}, +} + +@inproceedings{Linteris:ISSM4, + title = {{Scale Model Flames for Determining the Heat Release Rate from Burning Polymers}}, + author = {Linteris, G.T. and Rafferty, I.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {Fourth International Symposium on Scale Modeling (ISSM-IV)}, + month = {September}, + pages = {231-240}, + publisher = {Microgravity Science Division, NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio}, + year = {2003}, +} + +@article{Linteris:2, + title = {{Absorption and reflection of infrared radiation by polymers in fire-like environments}}, + author = {G. Linteris and M. Zammarano and B. Wilthan and L. Hanssen}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {Fire and Materials}, + number = {7}, + pages = {537-553}, + volume = {36}, + year = {2012}, +} + +@inproceedings{Liou:1, + title = {{Numerical Visualization and Residence Time Determination of +Turbulent Reacting Duct Flow with Mass Bleed and a Backstep on One Wall}}, + author = {Liou, T.M and Hwang, P.W.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh Symposium (International) on Combustion}, + organization = {Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania}, + pages = {1131-1138}, + year = {1998}, +} + +@techreport{Livingood:1973, + title = {{Impingement Heat Transfer from Turbulent Air Jets to Flat Plates - A Literature Survey}}, + author = {Livingood, J.N.B. and Hrycak, P.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Washington, D.C.}, + institution = {National Aeronautics and Space Administration}, + number = {1973}, + type = {NASA Tehnical Memorandum}, + year = {May 1973}, +} + +@techreport{Lock:1, + title = {{Experimental Study of the Effects of Fuel Type, Fuel Distribution, and Vent Size on Full-Scale Underventilated Compartment Fires in an ISO 9705 Room }}, + author = {Lock, A. and Bundy, M. and Johnsson, E.L. and Hamins, A. and Ko, G.H. and Hwang, C. and Fuss, P. and Harris, R.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, + institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, + number = {1603}, + type = {NIST Technical Note}, + year = {2008}, +} + +@inproceedings{Lohasz:1, + title = {{LES Simulation of Ribbed Square Duct Flow with Fluent and Comparison with PIV Data}}, + author = {M. 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McGrattan and W. Mell}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Lisbon, Portugal}, + booktitle = {V European Conference on Computational Fluid Dynamics}, + editor = {J.C.F. Pereira and A. Sequeira}, + organization = {ECCOMAS}, + year = {2010}, +} + +@inproceedings{McDermott:2005b, + title = {Characteristics of 1{D} spectra in finite-volume large-eddy simulations with one-dimensional turbulence subgrid closure}, + author = {R. McDermott and A. Kerstein and R. Schmidt and P. Smith}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Chicago, Illinois}, + booktitle = {58th Annual Meeting of the American Physical Society, Division of Fluid Dynamics}, + month = {November}, + year = {2005}, +} + +@article{McDermott:2007, + title = {A particle formulation for treating differential diffusion in filtered density function methods}, + author = {R. McDermott and S. B. Pope}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1016/j.jcp.2007.05.006}, + journal = {Journal of Computational Physics}, + number = {1}, + pages = {947-993}, + volume = {226}, + year = {2007}, +} + +@inproceedings{McDermott:2011, + title = {A Simple Reaction Time Scale for Under-Resolved Fire Dynamics}, + author = {R. McDermott and K. McGrattan and J. Floyd}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA}, + booktitle = {Fire Safety Science -- Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium}, + pages = {809-820}, + year = {2011}, +} + +@techreport{McGrattan:HST, + title = {{Numerical Simulation of the Howard Street Tunnel Fire, Baltimore, Maryland, July 2001}}, + author = {McGrattan, K. B. and Hamins, A.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, + institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, + month = {January}, + note = {Joint Publication of NIST and the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NUREG/CR-6793)}, + number = {6902}, + type = {NISTIR}, + year = {2003}, +} + +@techreport{NIST_NCSTAR_1-5F, + title = {{Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the +World Trade Center Disaster: Computer Simulation of the Fires in the +WTC Towers}}, + author = {McGrattan, K. and Bouldin, C. and Forney, G.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, + institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, + month = {September}, + number = {1-5F}, + type = {NIST NCSTAR}, + year = {2005}, +} + +@misc{Email:1, + author = {McGrattan, K.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + note = {Private Communication}, +} + +@techreport{McGrattan:8, + title = {{Thermal Radiation from Large Fires}}, + author = {McGrattan, K.B. and Baum, H.R. and Hamins, A.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, + institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, + month = {November}, + number = {6546}, + type = {NISTIR}, + year = {2000}, +} + +@article{McGrattan:4a, + title = {{Numerical Simulation of Smoke Plumes from Large Oil Fires}}, + author = {McGrattan, K.B. and Baum, H.R. and Rehm, R.G.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1016/1352-2310(96)00151-3}, + journal = {Atmospheric Environment}, + number = {24}, + pages = {4125-4136}, + volume = {30}, + year = {1996}, +} + +@article{McGrattan:4, + title = {{Large Eddy Simulations of Smoke Movement}}, + author = {McGrattan, K.B. and Baum, H.R. and Rehm, R.G.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1016/s0379-7112(97)00041-6}, + journal = {Fire Safety Journal}, + pages = {161-178}, + volume = {30}, + year = {1998}, +} + +@inproceedings{McGrattan:IAFSS2002, + title = {{Improved Radiation and Combustion Routines for a Large Eddy Simulation Fire Model}}, + author = {McGrattan, K.B. and Floyd, J.E. and Forney, G.P. and +Baum, H.R. and Hostikka, S.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {Fire Safety Science -- Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium}, + pages = {827-838}, + publisher = {International Association for Fire Safety Science}, + year = {2002}, +} + +@techreport{McGrattan:5, + title = {{Sprinkler, Smoke \& Heat Vent, Draft Curtain Interaction --- +Large Scale Experiments and Model Development}}, + author = {McGrattan, K.B. and Hamins, A. and Stroup, D.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, + institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, + month = {September}, + number = {6196-1}, + type = {NISTIR}, + year = {1998}, +} + +@article{McGrattan:CF1996, + title = {{Effects of Ignition and Wind on the Transition to Flame Spread in a Microgravity Environment}}, + author = {McGrattan, K.B. and Kashiwagi, T. and Baum, H.R. and Olson, S.L.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1016/s0379-7112(97)89282-x}, + journal = {Combustion and Flame}, + pages = {377-391}, + volume = {106}, + year = {1996}, +} + +@article{McGrattan:1, + title = {{Fire-Driven Flows in Enclosures}}, + author = {McGrattan, K.B. and Rehm, R.G. and Baum, H.R.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1006/jcph.1994.1025}, + journal = {Journal of Computational Physics}, + number = {2}, + pages = {285-291}, + volume = {110}, + year = {1994}, +} + +@inproceedings{McGrattan:3, + title = {{Large Eddy Simulations of Sprinkler, Vent and Draft Curtain +Performance}}, + author = {McGrattan, K.B. and Stroup, D.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 1st Fire Suppression and Detection Research Application Symposium}, + month = {February}, + organization = {National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, Massachusetts}, + pages = {59-68}, + year = {1997}, +} + +@article{McGrattan:Metrologia, + title = {Quantifying the predictive uncertainty of complex numerical models}, + author = {K. McGrattan and B. Toman}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1088/0026-1394/48/3/011}, + journal = {Metrologia}, + pages = {173-180}, + volume = {48}, + year = {2011}, +} + +@inproceedings{McGrattan:CI2017, + title = {{Progress in Modeling Wildland Fires using Computational Fluid Dynamics}}, + author = {K. McGrattan}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 10th U.S. National Combustion Meeting}, + month = {April}, + organization = {Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania}, + year = {2017}, +} + +@techreport{McGrattan:TN1984, + title = {{The Influence of Walls, Corners and Enclosures on Fire Plumes}}, + author = {K.B. McGrattan and M.J. Selepak and E.J. Hnetkovsky}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, + institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, + month = {March}, + number = {1984}, + type = {NIST Technical Note}, + year = {2018}, +} + +@techreport{OLIVE-Fire:2022, + title = {{Oxygen-Limited Fires Inside Under-Ventilated Enclosures (OLIVE-Fire)}}, + author = {K. McGrattan and I. Leventon}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, + institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, + month = {August}, + number = {2232}, + type = {NIST Technical Note}, + year = {2022}, +} + +@techreport{McGrattan:Multiple_Transients_2020, + title = {{Heat Release Rates of Multiple Transient Combustibles}}, + author = {K. McGrattan}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, + institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, + month = {July}, + number = {2102}, + type = {NIST Technical Note}, + year = {2020}, +} + +@article{mcgraw:1997, + title = {Description of aerosol dynamics by the quadrature method of moments}, + author = {McGraw, R.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {Aerosol Science and Technology}, + number = {2}, + pages = {255-265}, + volume = {27}, + year = {1997}, +} + +@article{McKinnon:CF2013, + title = {Development of a Pyrolysis Model for Corrugated Cardboard}, + author = {M.B. McKinnon and S.I. Stoliarov and A. Witkowski}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1016/j.combustflame.2013.06.001}, + journal = {Combustion and Flame}, + pages = {2595-2607}, + volume = {160}, + year = {2013}, +} + +@article{McKinnon:FISJ2021, + title = {Validation of CFD fire model pressure predictions for modern residential style structures}, + author = {M.B. McKinnon and C. Weinschenk}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1016/j.firesaf.2021.103466}, + journal = {Fire Safety Journal}, + pages = {103466}, + volume = {126}, + year = {2021}, +} + +@techreport{McKinnon:FSRI2023_Data, + title = {{Materials and Products Database (Version 1.0.0)}}, + author = {Mark McKinnon and Craig Weinschenk and N Dow and Matt DiDomizio and Daniel Madrzykowski}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Columbia, MD 21045}, + institution = {Fire Safety Research Institute, UL Research Institutes}, + note = {Grant No. 2019-DU-BX-0018}, + year = {2023}, +} + +@techreport{McKinnon:FSRI2023_Tech, + title = {{Materials and Products Database - Technical Reference Guide}}, + author = {Mark McKinnon and Craig Weinschenk Daniel Madrzykowski}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Columbia, MD 21045}, + doi = {10.54206/102376/rnnp3809}, + institution = {Fire Safety Research Institute, UL Research Institutes}, + note = {Grant No. 2019-DU-BX-0018}, + year = {2023}, +} + +@techreport{McKinnon:FSRI2023_User, + title = {{Materials and Products Database - User Guide}}, + author = {Mark McKinnon and Craig Weinschenk}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Columbia, MD 21045}, + institution = {Fire Safety Research Institute, UL Research Institutes}, + note = {Grant No. 2019-DU-BX-0018}, + year = {2023}, +} + +@techreport{Mealy:DoJ_HAI_Pool_Fires, + title = {{Fire Dynamics and Forensic Analysis of Liquid Fuel Fires}}, + author = {C.L. Mealy and M.E. Benfer and D.T. Gottuk}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {3610 Commerce Drive, Suite 817, Baltimore, Maryland, 21227}, + institution = {Hughes Associates, Inc.}, + month = {May}, + note = {Grant No. 2008-DN-BX-K168}, + number = {238704}, + type = {U.S. Department of Justice Document Number}, + year = {2012}, +} + +@inproceedings{Mell:CS98, + title = {{Dimensional Effects on the Transition from Ignition to Flame Spread in Microgravity}}, + author = {Mell, W. and Kashiwagi, T.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {Twenty-Seventh Symposium (International) on Combustion}, + doi = {10.1016/s0082-0784(98)80118-5}, + organization = {Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania}, + pages = {2635-2641}, + year = {1998}, +} + +@article{Mell:2009, + title = {Numerical simulation and experiments of burning {Douglas} fir trees}, + author = {W. Mell and A. Maranghides and R. McDermott and S. Manzello}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1016/j.combustflame.2009.06.015}, + journal = {Combustion and Flame}, + pages = {2023-2041}, + volume = {156}, + year = {2009}, +} + +@inproceedings{Mell:1, + title = {{Numerical Simulation of Combustion in Fire Plumes}}, + author = {Mell, W. and McGrattan, K.B. and Baum, H.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {Twenty-Sixth Symposium (International) on Combustion}, + doi = {10.1016/s0082-0784(96)80374-2}, + organization = {Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania}, + pages = {1523-1530}, + year = {1996}, +} + +@inproceedings{Mell:CS00, + title = {{Flame Spread Along Free Edges of Thermally-Thin Samples in +Microgravity}}, + author = {Mell, W. and Olson, S.L. and Kashiwagi, T.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {Twenty-Eighth Symposium (International) on Combustion}, + doi = {10.1016/s0082-0784(00)80707-9}, + organization = {Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania}, + pages = {2843-2849}, + year = {2000}, +} + +@article{Mell:g-jitter, + title = {{g-Jitter Effects on Spherical Diffusion Flames}}, + author = {Mell, W.E. and McGrattan, K.B. and Baum, H.R.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1007/bf02870965}, + journal = {Microgravity Science and Technology}, + number = {4}, + pages = {12-30}, + volume = {15}, + year = {2004}, +} + +@techreport{Mell:LevelSet, + title = {{Models for fire spread in the WUI}}, + author = {Mell, W.E. and Bova, A. and Forney, G.P. and Rehm, R.G. and McDermott, R.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + month = {April}, + type = {{JFSP Final Report Project 07-1-5-08}}, + year = {2013}, +} + +@article{Mell:IJWF2007, + title = {{A physics-based approach to modelling grassland fires}}, + author = {W. 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Li}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Dhaka, Bangladesh}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 13th Asian Congress on Fluid Mechanics}, + year = {2010}, +} + +@article{Moinuddin:Polymers2015, + title = {{Numerical Simulation of Coupled Pyrolysis and Combustion Reactions with Directly Measured Fire Properties}}, + author = {K. Moinuddin and Q.S. Razzaque and A. Thomas}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.3390/polym12092075}, + journal = {Polymers}, + number = {9}, + pages = {2075}, + volume = {12}, + year = {2020}, +} + +@article{Moinuddin:FM2017, + title = {{Designing an experimental rig for developing a fire severity model using numerical simulation}}, + author = {K. Moinuddin and T. Nguyen and H. Mahmud}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1002/fam.2439}, + journal = {Fire and Materials}, + number = {7}, + pages = {871-883}, + volume = {41}, + year = {2017}, +} + +@article{Moinuddin:FSJ2011, + title = {{Rise in structural steel temperatures during ISO 9705 room fires}}, + author = {K. Moinuddin and J. Al-Menhali and K. Prasannan and I. Thomas}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1016/j.firesaf.2011.08.001}, + journal = {Fire Safety Journal}, + number = {8}, + pages = {480-496}, + volume = {46}, + year = {2011}, +} + +@article{Moody:1944, + title = {Friction Factors for Pipe Flow}, + author = {L. F. Moody}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {Transactions of the ASME}, + volume = {66}, + year = {1944}, +} + +@article{Moon:2014, + title = {Large-eddy simulation of turbulent flow and dispersion over a complex urban street canyon}, + author = {K. Moon and J. M. Hwang and B. G. Kim and C. Lee and J. 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Champassith}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1016/j.jlp.2008.11.009}, + journal = {Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries}, + note = {published by Elsevier}, + pages = {316-323}, + volume = {22}, + year = {2009}, +} + +@phdthesis{Lechene, + title = {\'{E}tude exp\'{e}rimentale et num\'{e}rique des rideaux d'eau pour la protection contre le rayonnement thermique}, + author = {Lech\^{e}ne, S.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Nancy, France}, + school = {Universit\'{e} Henri Poincar\'{e}}, + year = {2010}, +} + +@article{Morvan:2000, + title = {{Modeling of One Dimensional Fire Spread in Pine Needles with Opposing Air Flow}}, + author = {Morvan, D. and Larini, M.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {Combustion Science and Technology}, + pages = {37-64}, + volume = {164}, + year = {2000}, +} + +@article{Mudan:1984, + title = {{Thermal Radiation Hazards from Hydrocarbon Pool Fires}}, + author = {K.S. Mudan}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1016/0360-1285(84)90119-9}, + journal = {Progress in Energy and Combustion Science}, + pages = {59-80}, + volume = {10}, + year = {1984}, +} + +@inbook{Mudan:1, + title = {SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering}, + author = {Mudan, K.S. and Croce, P.A.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Quincy, Massachusetts}, + chapter = {{Fire Hazard Calculations for Large Open Hydrocarbon Fires}}, + edition = {2nd}, + publisher = {National Fire Protection Association}, + year = {1995}, +} + +@article{Mueller:TIPM2021, + title = {{Approaches to Modeling Bed Drag in Pine Forest Litter for Wildland Fire Applications}}, + author = {E.V. Mueller and M.R. Gallagher and N. Skowronski and R.M. Hadden}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1007/s11242-021-01637-8}, + journal = {Transport in Porous Media}, + number = {3}, + pages = {637-660}, + volume = {138}, + year = {2021}, +} + +@article{Mukhopadhyay:1, + title = {{An Assessment of Stretch Effects on Flame Tip Using the Thin Flame and Thick Formulations}}, + author = {Mukhopadhyay, A. and Puri, I.K.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {Combustion and Flame}, + pages = {499-502}, + volume = {133}, + year = {2003}, +} + +@inbook{SFPE:Mulholland, + title = {SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering}, + author = {Mulholland, G.W.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Quincy, Massachusetts}, + chapter = {Smoke Production and Properties}, + edition = {3rd}, + publisher = {National Fire Protection Association}, + year = {2002}, +} + +@article{Mulholland:F+M, + title = {{Specific Extinction Coefficient of Flame Generated Smoke}}, + author = {Mulholland, G.W. and Croarkin, C.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {Fire and Materials}, + pages = {227-230}, + volume = {24}, + year = {2000}, +} + +@book{MYO, + title = {Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics}, + author = {Bruce R. 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Wetterlund and D.P. DeWitt}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology}, + month = {March-April}, + number = {2}, + pages = {115-124}, + volume = {108}, + year = {2003}, +} + +@techreport{Musser:1, + title = {{Evaluation of a Fast, Simplified Computational Fluid Dynamics Model for Solving Room Airflow Problems}}, + author = {Musser, A. and McGrattan, K. B. and Palmer, J.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, + institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, + month = {June}, + number = {6760}, + type = {NISTIR}, + year = {2001}, +} + +@techreport{Musser:2, + title = {{Control of Diesel Exhaust Fumes in Enclosed Locomotive Facilities}}, + author = {Musser, A. and Tan, L.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + institution = {American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, Air-Conditioning Engineers}, + number = {RP-1191}, + year = {2003}, +} + +@article{Nakamura:CF2002, + title = {{Enclosure Effects on Flame Spread over Solid Fuels in Microgravity}}, + author = {Nakamura, Y. and Kashiwagi, T. and McGrattan, K.B. and Baum, H.R.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1016/s0010-2180(02)00381-4}, + journal = {Combustion and Flame}, + pages = {307-321}, + volume = {130}, + year = {2002}, +} + +@techreport{NASA_TM_4513, + title = {{Coefficients for Calculating Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Individual Species}}, + author = {McBride, B. and Gordon, S. and Reno, M.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Cleveland, OH}, + institution = {National Aeronautics and Space Administration}, + number = {4513}, + type = {NASA Technical Memorandum}, + year = {1993}, +} + +@techreport{NASA_TP_211556, + title = {{NASA Glenn Coefficienes for Calculating Thermodynamic Properties of Individual Species}}, + author = {McBride, B. and Zehe, M. and Gordon, S.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Cleveland, OH}, + institution = {National Aeronautics and Space Administration}, + month = {September}, + number = {2002-211556}, + type = {NASA/TP}, + year = {2002}, +} + +@techreport{NASA_TR_132, + title = {{Estimated Viscosities and Thermal Conductivity of Gases at High Temperatures}}, + author = {Svhela, R.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Cleveland, OH}, + institution = {National Aeronautics and Space Administration}, + number = {R-132}, + type = {NASA Technical Report}, + year = {1962}, +} + +@inproceedings{Nedelka:1990, + title = {{The Montoir 35 m Diameter LNG Pool Fire Experiments}}, + author = {D. Nedelka and J. Moorhouse and R.F. Tucker}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of 9th International Congress and Exposition of Liquified Natural Gas, LNG9, Vol.~2}, + pages = {1-23}, + publisher = {Institute of Gas Technology, Chicago}, + year = {1990}, +} + +@book{Nievergelt:1999, + title = {Wavelets Made Easy}, + author = {Y. Nievergelt}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1007/978-1-4612-0573-9}, + publisher = {Birkh\"auser}, + year = {1999}, +} + +@article{Nicoud:1999, + title = {{Subgrid-Scale Stress Modelling Based on the Square of the Velocity Gradient Tensor}}, + author = {F. Nicoud and F. Ducros}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1023/a:1009995426001}, + journal = {Flow, Turbulence, and Combustion}, + pages = {183-200}, + volume = {62}, + year = {1999}, +} + +@article{Norton:1, + title = {{Comparison of Experimental and Computed Species Concentration and Temperature Profiles +in Laminar, Two-Dimensional Methane/Air Diffusion Flames}}, + author = {Norton, T.S. and Smyth, K.C. and Miller, J.H. and Smooke, M.D.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {Combustion Science and Technology}, + pages = {1-34}, + volume = {90}, + year = {1993}, +} + +@inbook{Notarianni:SFPE, + title = {SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering}, + author = {Notarianni, K.A. and G.W. Parry}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {New York}, + chapter = {Uncertainty}, + doi = {10.1007/978-1-4939-2565-0}, + edition = {5th}, + publisher = {Springer}, + year = {2016}, +} + +@techreport{Nowlen:NUREG4681, + title = {{Enclosure Environment Characterization Testing for the Baseline Validation of Computer Fire Simulation Codes}}, + author = {Nowlen, S.P.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Albuqueque, New Mexico}, + institution = {{Sandia National Laboratory}}, + month = {March}, + note = {Work performed under contract to the US Nuclear Regulatory Agency, Washington DC.}, + type = {{NUREG/CR-4681 (SAND86-1296)}}, + year = {1987}, +} + +@techreport{CAROLFIRE, + title = {{Cable Response to Live Fire (CAROLFIRE)}}, + author = {S.P. Nowlen and F.J. Wyant and K.B. McGrattan}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Washington, DC}, + institution = {United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission}, + month = {April}, + number = {6931}, + type = {NUREG/CR}, + year = {2008}, +} + +@techreport{CHRISTIFIRE, + title = {{Cable Heat Release, Ignition, and Spread in Tray Installations During Fire (CHRISTIFIRE), Phase 1: Horizontal Trays}}, + author = {K. McGrattan and A. Lock and N. Marsh and M. Nyden and S. Bareham and M. Price and A.B. Morgan and M. Galaska and K. Schenck and D. Stroup}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Washington, DC}, + institution = {United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission}, + month = {July}, + number = {7010, Vol.~1}, + type = {NUREG/CR}, + year = {2012}, +} + +@article{OGrady:CST, + title = {{Large Eddy Simulation of Sprinkler Interaction with a Fire Ceiling Jet}}, + author = {O'Grady, N. and Novozhilov, V.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {Combustion Science and Technology}, + number = {7}, + pages = {984-1006}, + volume = {181}, + year = {2009}, +} + +@article{OHern:2005, + title = {Experimental study of a turbulent buoyant helium plume}, + author = {T. J. O'Hern and E. J. Weckman and A. L. Gerhart and S. R. Tieszen and R. W. Schefer}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1017/s0022112005006567}, + journal = {J. Fluid Mech.}, + pages = {143-171}, + volume = {544}, + year = {2005}, +} + +@article{Oehlert:1992, + title = {{A Note on the Delta Method}}, + author = {Oehlert, G.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {The American Statistician}, + number = {1}, + pages = {27-29}, + volume = {46}, + year = {1992}, +} + +@techreport{Ohlemiller:1, + title = {{Material Flammability Test Assessment for Space Station Freedom}}, + author = {Ohlemiller, T.J. and Villa, K.M.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, + institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, + month = {June}, + number = {4591}, + type = {NISTIR}, + year = {1991}, +} + +@article{Olenick:2, + title = {{An Updated International Survey of Computer Models for Fire and Smoke}}, + author = {Olenick, S. and Carpenter, D.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {Journal of Fire Protection Engineering}, + month = {May}, + pages = {87-110}, + volume = {13}, + year = {2003}, +} + +@inproceedings{Olenick:1, + title = {{Validation Study for FDS for a High Rack Storage Fire Involving Pool Chemicals}}, + author = {Olenick, S. and Klassen, M. and Roby, R.J.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 3rd Technical Symposium on Computer Applications in Fire Protection Engineering}, + month = {September}, + publisher = {Society of Fire Protection Engineers, Bethesda, Maryland}, + year = {2001}, +} + +@incollection{Oleszkiewicz:ASME, + title = {{Heat Transfer from a Window Fire Plume to a Building Facade}}, + author = {Oleszkiewicz, I.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {HTD -- Collected Papers in Heat Transfer}, + note = {Book No.~H00526}, + pages = {163-170}, + publisher = {American Society of Mechanical Engineers}, + volume = {123}, + year = {1989}, +} + +@article{Oleszkiewicz:FireTech, + title = {{Fire Exposure to Exterior Walls and Flame Spread on Combustible Cladding}}, + author = {Oleszkiewicz, I.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1007/bf01293079}, + journal = {Fire Technology}, + number = {4}, + pages = {357-375}, + volume = {26}, + year = {1990}, +} + +@mastersthesis{Opert:Masters, + title = {{Assessment of Natural Vertical Ventilation for Smoke and Hot Gas Layer Control in a Residential Scale Structure}}, + author = {K.M. Opert}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {College Park, Maryland}, + school = {University of Maryland}, + year = {2012}, +} + +@book{Oran:1, + title = {Numerical Simulation of Reactive Flow}, + author = {Oran, E.S. and Boris, J.P.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {New York}, + publisher = {Elsevier Science Publishing Company}, + year = {1987}, +} + +@inproceedings{Orloff:19th_Symposium, + title = {{Froude Modeling of Pool Fires}}, + author = {Orloff, L. and de Ris, J.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the Nineteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion}, + doi = {10.1016/s0082-0784(82)80264-6}, + organization = {Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania}, + pages = {885-895}, + year = {1982}, +} + +@inproceedings{Overholt:1, + title = {{An Inverse Fire Modeling Methodology for the Determination of Fire Size, Fire Location, and Soot Deposition in a Compartment}}, + author = {K.J. Overholt and O.A. Ezekoye}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of 2012 ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition}, + month = {November}, + note = {IMECE2012-88924}, + organization = {American Society of Mechanical Engineering}, + year = {2012}, +} + +@book{ASHRAE, + title = {2009 ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals}, + author = {Owen, M.S.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Atlanta, GA}, + publisher = {American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.}, + year = {2009}, +} + +@article{Oztekin:CF2012, + title = {{Sources of Variability in Fire Test Data: A Case Study on Poly(aryl ether ether ketone) (PEEK)}}, + author = {E.S. Oztekin and S.B. Crowley S.B. and R.E. Lyon and S.I. Stoliarov and P. Patel and T.R. Hull}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1016/j.combustflame.2011.11.009}, + journal = {Combustion and Flame}, + number = {4}, + pages = {1720-1731}, + volume = {159}, + year = {2012}, +} + +@inproceedings{Oztekin:FM2012, + title = {{Numerical simulations of a small fire in an aircraft cargo compartment}}, + author = {E.S. Oztekin and D. Blake and R. Lyon}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Norwood, MA}, + booktitle = {FM Global Open Source CFD Fire Modeling Workshop}, + month = {May 10}, + year = {2012}, +} + +@book{Panton:1, + title = {Incompressible Flow}, + author = {Panton, R.L.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {New Jersey}, + publisher = {Wiley}, + year = {2005}, +} + +@inproceedings{Panjwani:2010, + title = {{Subgrid Combustion modeling for large eddy simulation (LES) of turbulent combustion using eddy dissipation concept}}, + author = {B. Panjwani and I. Ertesv\r{a}g and K. E. Rian and A. Gruber}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Lisbon, Portugal}, + booktitle = {V European Conference on Computational Fluid Dynamics}, + editor = {J. C. F. Pereira and A Sequeira}, + month = {14-17 June}, + organization = {ECCOMAS}, + year = {2010}, +} + +@inproceedings{Park:2012, + title = {{Near-Wall Modeling for Large Eddy Simulation of Convective Heat Transfer in Turbulent Boundary Layers}}, + author = {H.W. Park and K. Moon and E. Oztekin and R. McDermott and C. Lee and J.-I. Choi}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {San Diego, CA}, + booktitle = {65th Annual Meeting of the APS Division of Fluid Dynamics}, + month = {November 18-20}, + organization = {American Physical Society}, + year = {2012}, +} + +@inproceedings{Parker:1989, + title = {{Prediction of the Heat Release Rate of Douglas Fir}}, + author = {W.J. Parker}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {Fire Safety Science, Proceedings of the Second International Symposium}, + organization = {International Association of Fire Safety Science}, + year = {1989}, +} + +@book{Patankar:1, + title = {Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow}, + author = {Patankar, S.V.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {New York}, + publisher = {Hemisphere Publishing}, + year = {1980}, } @article{Paudel:2021, - author = {D. Paudel and A. Rinta-Paavola and H.P. Mattila and S. Hostikka}, - title = {{Multiphysics modelling of stone wool fire resistance}}, - volume = {57}, - journal = {Fire Technology}, - year = {2021}, - pages = {1283-1312}, -} - -@TECHREPORT{Peacock:NBS_Multi-Room, - author = {Peacock, R.D. and Davis, S. and Lee, W.T.}, - title = {{An Experimental Data Set for the Accuracy Assessment of Room Fire Models}}, - institution = {National Bureau of Standards (now NIST)}, - year = {1988}, - month = {April}, - number = {88-3752}, - type = {NBSIR}, - address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, + title = {{Multiphysics modelling of stone wool fire resistance}}, + author = {D. Paudel and A. Rinta-Paavola and H.P. Mattila and S. Hostikka}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1007/s10694-020-01050-5}, + journal = {Fire Technology}, + pages = {1283-1312}, + volume = {57}, + year = {2021}, +} + +@techreport{Peacock:NBS_Multi-Room, + title = {{An Experimental Data Set for the Accuracy Assessment of Room Fire Models}}, + author = {Peacock, R.D. and Davis, S. and Lee, W.T.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, + institution = {National Bureau of Standards (now NIST)}, + month = {April}, + number = {88-3752}, + type = {NBSIR}, + year = {1988}, } @techreport{CFAST_Tech_Guide_6, - Address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, - Author = {Peacock, R. D. and Forney, G. P. and Reneke, P. A.}, - Date-Added = {2008-02-21 09:34:21 -0500}, - Date-Modified = {2011-06-30 09:34:15 -0400}, - Institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, - Month = {July}, - Number = {1026}, - Title = {{CFAST} -- {Consolidated Model of Fire Growth and Smoke Transport (Version 6): Technical Reference Guide}}, - Type = {Special Publication}, - Year = 2011} - -@ARTICLE{Peacock:FSJ1999, - author = {R.D. Peacock and P.A. Reneke and W.D. Davis and W.W. Jones}, - title = {{Quantifying fire model evaluation using functional analysis}}, - journal = {Fire Safety Journal}, - volume = {33}, - pages = {167-184}, - year = {1999}, -} - -@ARTICLE{Perez-Ramirez:FT2017, - title = {{Examination of WFDS in Modeling Spreading Fires in a Furniture Calorimeter}}, - author = {Y. Perez-Ramirez and P.A. Santoni and J.B. Tramoni and F. Bosseur and W.E. Mell}, - journal = {Fire Technology}, - volume = {53}, - pages = {1795-1832}, - year = {2017}, - publisher = {Springer Science + Business Media New York} + title = {{CFAST} -- {Consolidated Model of Fire Growth and Smoke Transport (Version 6): Technical Reference Guide}}, + author = {Peacock, R. D. and Forney, G. P. and Reneke, P. A.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, + date-added = {2008-02-21 09:34:21 -0500}, + date-modified = {2011-06-30 09:34:15 -0400}, + institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, + month = {July}, + number = {1026}, + type = {Special Publication}, + year = {2011}, +} + +@article{Peacock:FSJ1999, + title = {{Quantifying fire model evaluation using functional analysis}}, + author = {R.D. Peacock and P.A. Reneke and W.D. Davis and W.W. Jones}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {Fire Safety Journal}, + pages = {167-184}, + volume = {33}, + year = {1999}, +} + +@article{Perez-Ramirez:FT2017, + title = {{Examination of WFDS in Modeling Spreading Fires in a Furniture Calorimeter}}, + author = {Y. Perez-Ramirez and P.A. Santoni and J.B. Tramoni and F. Bosseur and W.E. Mell}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1007/s10694-017-0657-z}, + journal = {Fire Technology}, + pages = {1795-1832}, + publisher = {Springer Science + Business Media New York}, + volume = {53}, + year = {2017}, } @article{Perot:1993, - title = "An Analysis of the Fractional Step Method ", - journal = "Journal of Computational Physics ", - volume = "108", - number = "1", - pages = "51 - 58", - year = "1993", - author = "J.Blair Perot" -} - -@TECHREPORT{Persson:1, - author = {Persson, B. and Ingason, H.}, - title = {{Modelling of Interaction between Sprinklers and Fire Vents -- Present knowledge}}, - institution = {Swedish National Testing and Research Institute (SP)}, - year = {1996}, - note = "SP Report 1996:32", -} - -@TECHREPORT{Petterson:2, - author = {Petterson, N.}, - title = {{Assessing the Feasibility of Reducing the Grid Resolution in {FDS} Field Modeling}}, - institution = {University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand}, - month = {March}, - year = {2002}, -} - -@TECHREPORT{Petterson:1, - author = {Petterson, N.M.}, - title = {{Assessing the Feasibility of Reducing the Grid Resolution in {FDS} Field Modeling}}, - institution = {University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand}, - type = {Fire Engineering Research Report}, - number = {2002/6}, - month = {March}, - year = {2002}, -} - -@BOOK{Peyret:1, - author = {Peyret, R. and Taylor, T.D.}, - title = {Computational Methods for Fluid Flow}, - publisher = {Springer-Verlag}, - address = {New York}, - year = {1983}, -} - -@INPROCEEDINGS{Piergiorgio:1, - author = {Piergiorgio, A. and Giuseppe, D. and Dino, F. and Zappellini, G. and Ferrari, A.}, - title = {{CFD Simulations of a Truck Fire in the Underground Gran Sasso National Laboratory}}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th Italian Conference on Chemical and Process Engineering}, - month = {May}, - organization = {Associazione Italiana Di Ingegneria Chimica (AIDIC)}, - volume = {5}, - publisher = {Elsevier}, - series = {AIDIC Conference Series}, - note = {Papers presented at ICeaP-5, Florence, Italy, May 20-23, 2001}, - year = {2002} -} - -@ARTICLE{Piomelli:1991, - author = {U. 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Pope}, - title = {Turbulent Flows}, - year = {2000}, - publisher = {Cambridge University Press} -} - -@ARTICLE{Porterie:2000PhysFluids, - author = {B. Porterie and D. Morvan and J.C. Loraud and M. Larini}, - title = {{Firespread through fuel beds: Modeling of wind-aided fires and induced hydrodynamics}}, - journal = {Physics of Fluids}, - volume = {12}, - number = {7}, - pages = {1762-1782}, - year = {2000}, - month = {July} -} - -@ARTICLE{Porterie:2006, - author = {Porterie, B. and Consalvi, J.L. and Kaiss, A. and Loraud, J.C.}, - title = {{Predicting Wildland Fire Behavior and Emissions Using a Fine-Scale Physical Model}}, - journal = {Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A}, - volume = {47}, - pages = {571-591}, - year = {2005} -} - -@ARTICLE{Prasad:1, - author = {Prasad, K. and Li, C. and Kailasanath, K. and Ndubizu, C. - and Ananth, R. and Tatem, P.A.}, - title = {{Numerical modelling of methanol liquid pool fires}}, - journal = {Combustion Theory and Modelling}, - volume = {3}, - pages = {743-768}, - year = {1999} -} - -@ARTICLE{Pretrel:FSJ2017, - author = {H. 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Purser}, - title = {{HCN Yields and Fate of Fuel Nitrogen for Materials under Different Combustion Conditions in the ISO 19700 Tube Furnace and Large-scale Fires}}, - booktitle = {Fire Safety Science -- Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium}, - year = {2008}, - pages = {1117-1128}, - publisher = "International Association of Fire Safety Science", -} - -@ARTICLE{Prahl:1, - title = {On the interaction between two fixed spherical particles}, - author = {Prahl, L and Holzer, A and Arlov, D and Revstedt, J and Sommerfeld, M and Fuchs, L}, - journal = {International Journal of Multiphase Flow}, - number = {7}, - pages = {707-725}, - volume = {33}, - year = {2007} + title = {An Analysis of the Fractional Step Method }, + author = {J.Blair Perot}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1006/jcph.1993.1162}, + journal = {Journal of Computational Physics }, + number = {1}, + pages = {51 - 58}, + volume = {108}, + year = {1993}, +} + +@techreport{Persson:1, + title = {{Modelling of Interaction between Sprinklers and Fire Vents -- Present knowledge}}, + author = {Persson, B. and Ingason, H.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + institution = {Swedish National Testing and Research Institute (SP)}, + note = {SP Report 1996:32}, + year = {1996}, +} + +@techreport{Petterson:2, + title = {{Assessing the Feasibility of Reducing the Grid Resolution in {FDS} Field Modeling}}, + author = {Petterson, N.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + institution = {University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand}, + month = {March}, + year = {2002}, +} + +@techreport{Petterson:1, + title = {{Assessing the Feasibility of Reducing the Grid Resolution in {FDS} Field Modeling}}, + author = {Petterson, N.M.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + institution = {University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand}, + month = {March}, + number = {2002/6}, + type = {Fire Engineering Research Report}, + year = {2002}, +} + +@book{Peyret:1, + title = {Computational Methods for Fluid Flow}, + author = {Peyret, R. and Taylor, T.D.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {New York}, + doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-85952-6}, + publisher = {Springer-Verlag}, + year = {1983}, +} + +@inproceedings{Piergiorgio:1, + title = {{CFD Simulations of a Truck Fire in the Underground Gran Sasso National Laboratory}}, + author = {Piergiorgio, A. and Giuseppe, D. and Dino, F. and Zappellini, G. and Ferrari, A.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th Italian Conference on Chemical and Process Engineering}, + month = {May}, + note = {Papers presented at ICeaP-5, Florence, Italy, May 20-23, 2001}, + organization = {Associazione Italiana Di Ingegneria Chimica (AIDIC)}, + publisher = {Elsevier}, + series = {AIDIC Conference Series}, + volume = {5}, + year = {2002}, +} + +@article{Piomelli:1991, + title = {{Subgrid-scale backscatter in turbulent and transitional flows }}, + author = {U. 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Fernandez}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, + institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, + month = {March}, + type = {{NIST Technical Note 1694}}, + year = {2011}, +} + +@article{Pohlhausen:1921, + title = {{Zur naherungsweisen Integration der Differentialgleichung der Grenzschicht.}}, + author = {E. Pohlhausen}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {Z. Agnew. Math. Mech.}, + pages = {115}, + volume = {1}, + year = {1921}, +} + +@book{Poinsot:TNC, + title = {{Theoretical and Numerical Combustion}}, + author = {T. Poinsot and D. Veynante}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Philadelphia, Pennsylvania}, + edition = {2nd}, + publisher = {R.T. Edwards, Inc.}, + year = {2005}, +} + +@book{Poling:1, + title = {The Properties of Gases and Liquids}, + author = {Poling, B.E. and Prausnitz, J.M. and O'Connell, J.P.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {New York}, + edition = {5th}, + publisher = {McGraw-Hill}, + year = {2000}, +} + +@article{Pope:2004, + title = {{Ten questions concerning the large-eddy simulation of turbulent flows}}, + author = {Pope, S.B.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {New Journal of Physics}, + pages = {1-24}, + volume = {6}, + year = {2004}, +} + +@book{Pope:2000, + title = {Turbulent Flows}, + author = {Stephen B. Pope}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1017/cbo9780511840531}, + publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, + year = {2000}, +} + +@article{Porterie:2000PhysFluids, + title = {{Firespread through fuel beds: Modeling of wind-aided fires and induced hydrodynamics}}, + author = {B. Porterie and D. Morvan and J.C. Loraud and M. 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Pr\'{e}trel}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.03.025}, + journal = {Fire Safety Journal}, + pages = {336-346}, + volume = {91}, + year = {2017}, +} + +@inproceedings{Prasad:CS2002, + title = {{Effect of Wind Velocity on Flame Spread in Microgravity}}, + author = {Prasad, K. and Nakamura, Y. and Olson, S.L. and Fujita, O. and Nishizawa, K. and Ito, K. and Kashiwagi, T.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {Twenty-Ninth Symposium (International) on Combustion}, + doi = {10.1016/s1540-7489(02)80311-x}, + organization = {Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania}, + pages = {2553-2560}, + year = {2002}, +} + +@article{Puri:1, + title = {{Extinction of Diffusion Flames Burning Diluted Methane and +Diluted Propane in Diluted Air}}, + author = {Puri, I.K. and Seshadri, K.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1016/0010-2180(86)90015-5}, + journal = {Combustion and Flame}, + pages = {137-150}, + volume = {65}, + year = {1986}, +} + +@inbook{SFPE:Purser, + title = {SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering}, + author = {Purser, D.A.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {New York}, + chapter = {Combustion Toxicity}, + doi = {10.1007/978-1-4939-2565-0}, + edition = {5th}, + publisher = {Springer}, + year = {2016}, +} + +@inproceedings{IAFSS:Purser, + title = {{HCN Yields and Fate of Fuel Nitrogen for Materials under Different Combustion Conditions in the ISO 19700 Tube Furnace and Large-scale Fires}}, + author = {D. Purser and J. Purser}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {Fire Safety Science -- Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium}, + doi = {10.3801/iafss.fss.9-1117}, + pages = {1117-1128}, + publisher = {International Association of Fire Safety Science}, + year = {2008}, +} + +@article{Prahl:1, + title = {On the interaction between two fixed spherical particles}, + author = {Prahl, L and Holzer, A and Arlov, D and Revstedt, J and Sommerfeld, M and Fuchs, L}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2007.02.001}, + journal = {International Journal of Multiphase Flow}, + number = {7}, + pages = {707-725}, + volume = {33}, + year = {2007}, } - @article{Prahl:2, - title = {Interaction between two spheres placed in tandem arrangement in steady and pulsating flow}, - author = {L. Prahl and A. Jadoon and J. 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month = {April}, - year = {1982}, - note = {{HUD Report HUD-777-CPD}}, - organization = {Department of Housing and Urban Development}, -} - -@MISC{NTSB:Caldecott, - title = {{Multiple Vehicle Collisions and Fire -- Caldecott Tunnel near Oakland, California, April 7, 1982}}, - howpublished = {Highway Accident Report}, - note = {NTSB Case Reference Number: HAR-83/01; NTIS Number PB83-916201}, - month = {Adopted: May 3}, - year = {1983}, -} - -@MANUAL{CRAYFISHPAK, - title = {{CRAYFISHPAK User's Guide, Cray Version 1.1}}, - organization = {Green Mountain Software}, - address = {Boulder, Colorado}, - year = {1990} -} - -@MANUAL{NFPA_92, - title = {{NFPA 92, Standard for Smoke Control Systems}}, - organization = {National Fire Protection Association}, - year = {2012}, - address = {Quincy, Massachusetts} -} - -@MANUAL{204M, - title = {{NFPA 204M, Guide for Smoke and Heat Venting}}, - organization = {National Fire Protection Association}, - year = {1991}, - address = {Quincy, Massachusetts} -} - -@MANUAL{NFPA_805, - title = {NFPA 805: Performance-Based Standard for Fire Protection for Light-Water Reactor Electric Generating Plants}, - organization = {National Fire Protection Association}, - year = {2001}, - address = {Quincy, Massachusetts} -} - -@MANUAL{NFPA_5000, - title = {NFPA 5000: Building Construction and Safety Code}, - organization = {National Fire Protection Association}, - year = {2012}, - address = {Quincy, Massachusetts} -} - -@MANUAL{ISO6182-1, - title = {ISO 6182-1, Fire Protection -- Automatic Sprinkler Systems -- Part 1: Requirements - and test methods for sprinklers}, - organization = {International Organization for Standardization (ISO)}, - address = {Geneva, Switzerland}, - year = {1993} -} - -@MANUAL{ISO16730, - title = {{ISO 16730, Fire Safety Engineering -- Assessment, Verification and Validation of Calculation Methods}}, - organization = {International Organization for Standardization (ISO)}, - address = {Geneva, Switzerland}, - year = {2008} -} - -@MANUAL{FM:3, - title = {Factory Mutual Engineering Corporation Loss Prevention Data Sheet 8-9}, - organization = {Factory Mutual Research Corporation}, - address = {Norwood, Massachusetts}, - month = {September}, - year = {1993} -} - -@MANUAL{UFC, - title = {Uniform Fire Code}, - organization = {International Conference of Building Officials}, - address = {Whittier, California}, - year = {1994} -} - -@MANUAL{conecal, - title = {{ASTM E 1354-04a, Standard Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke - Release Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Combustion - Calorimeter}}, - organization = {American Society for Testing and Materials}, - address = {West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania}, - year = {2007} -} - -@MANUAL{diffscancal, - title = {{ASTM E 2070-08, Standard Test Method for Kinetic Parameters by Differential Scanning Calorimetry Using Isothermal Methods}}, - organization = {American Society for Testing and Materials}, - address = {West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania}, - year = {2008}, -} - -@MANUAL{intgsphere, - title = {{ASTM E 1175-87(2009), Standard Test Method for Determining Solar or Photopic Reference, Transmittance, and Absorptance of Materials Using a Large Diameter Integrating Sphere}}, - organization = {American Society for Testing and Materials}, - address = {West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania}, - year = {2009}, -} - -@MANUAL{laserflash, - title = {{ASTM E 1461-07, Standard Test Method for Thermal Diffusivity by the Flash Method}}, - organization = {American Society for Testing and Materials}, - address = {West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania}, - year = {2007}, -} - -@MANUAL{microcc, - title = {{ASTM D 7309-11, Standard Test Method for Determining Flammability Characteristics of Plastics and Other Solid Materials Using Microscale Combustion Calorimetry}}, - organization = {American Society for Testing and Materials}, - address = {West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania}, - year = {2011}, -} - -@MANUAL{thermalga, - title = {{ASTM E 1131-08, Standard Test Method for Compositional Analysis by Thermogravimetry}}, - organization = {American Society for Testing and Materials}, - address = {West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania}, - year = {2008}, -} - -@MANUAL{transline, - title = {{ASTM D 5930-09, Standard Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Plastics by Means of a Transient Line-Source Technique}}, - organization = {American Society for Testing and Materials}, - address = {West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania}, - year = {2009}, -} - -@MANUAL{CALTB129, - title = {Flammability Test Procedure for Mattresses for Use in Public Buildings}, - organization = {California Bureau of Home Furnishings}, - year = {1992}, - address = {North Highlands, California}, -} - -@MANUAL{CALTB133, - title = {Flammability Test Procedure for Seating Furniture for Use in Public Occupancies}, - organization = {California Bureau of Home Furnishings}, - year = {1991}, - address = {North Highlands, California}, -} - -@MANUAL{UL1709, - title = {{UL 1709, Standard for Rapid-Rise Fire Tests of Protection - Materials for Structural Steel}}, - organization = {Underwriters Laboratories}, - address = {Northbrook, Illinois}, - year = {1994}, -} - -@MANUAL{LIFT, - title = {{ASTM E 1321, Lateral Ignition and Flame Spread Test}}, - organization = {American Society for Testing and Materials}, - address = {West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania}, - year = {1994}, -} - -@MANUAL{FM:2, - title = {Factory Mutual Engineering Corporation Loss Prevention Data Sheet 8-0S}, - organization = {Factory Mutual Research Corporation}, - address = {Norwood, Massachusetts}, - month = {January}, - year = {1994}, -} - -@MANUAL{231C, - title = {Standard for Rack Storage of Materials}, - organization = {National Fire Protection Association}, - year = {1995}, - address = {Quincy, Massachusetts}, - note = {NFPA 231C}, -} - -@MANUAL{Memorial, - title = {{Memorial Tunnel Fire Ventilation Test Program}}, - organization = {Massachusetts Highway Department and Federal Highway Administration}, - year = {1995}, - month = {November}, - note = {Test report prepared by Bechtel/Parsons Brinckerhoff} -} - -@MANUAL{Memorial_Volume_2, - title = {{Memorial Tunnel Fire Ventilation Test Program: Natural Ventilation and Longitudinal Ventilation with Jet Fans}}, - organization = {Massachusetts Highway Department and Federal Highway Administration}, - year = {1995}, - month = {November}, - note = {Test report prepared by Bechtel/Parsons Brinckerhoff} -} - -@MANUAL{Memorial_Phase_IV, - title = {{Memorial Tunnel Fire Ventilation Test Program, Phase IV Report}}, - organization = {Massachusetts Highway Department and Federal Highway Administration}, - year = {1999}, - month = {January}, - note = {Test report prepared by Bechtel/Parsons Brinckerhoff} -} - -@MANUAL{HUD:1, - title = {{Siting of HUD-Assisted Projects near Hazardous Facilities -- - A Guidebook, Acceptable Separation Distances from Explosive and - Flammable Hazards}}, - month = {September}, - year = {1996}, - note = {{HUD Report HUD-1060-CPD (1)}}, - organization = {Department of Housing and Urban Development}, -} - -@MANUAL{13, - title = {Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems}, - organization = {National Fire Protection Association}, - year = {1996}, - address = {Quincy, Massachusetts}, - note = {NFPA 13}, -} - -@INBOOK{NFPA, - title = {Fire Protection Handbook}, - publisher = {National Fire Protection Association}, - year = {1997}, - edition = {18th}, - address = {Quincy, Massachusetts}, -} - -@MANUAL{SFPE:1, - title = {{Engineering Guide for Assessing Flame Radiation to External Targets from Pool Fires}}, - month = {June}, - year = {1999}, - organization = {Society of Fire Protection Engineers}, - address = "Bethesda, Maryland", -} - -@TECHREPORT{NRC:1, - title = {{International Collaborative Project to Evaluate - Fire Models for Nuclear Power Plant Applications -- Summary of - Planning Meeting}}, - institution = {{Nuclear Regulatory Commission}}, - year = {2000}, - number = {{NUREG/CP-0170}}, -} - -@MANUAL{E119, - title = {{ASTM E 119, Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building - Construction and Materials}}, - organization = {American Society for Testing and Materials}, - address = {West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania}, - year = {2002}, -} - -@MISC{NTSB:1, - title = {{NTSB Fire Group -- Factual Report}}, - howpublished = {NTSB Public Docket}, - note = {NTSB Case Reference Number: DCA 01 MR 004; Accident Site - Location Reference: Baltimore, Maryland (Howard Street Tunnel); Accident - Date Reference: July 18, 2001}, - month = {Report Issue Date: October}, - year = {2002}, -} - -@MANUAL{ASTM:E1355, - title = {{ASTM E1355-12, Standard Guide for Evaluating the - Predictive Capabilities of Deterministic Fire Models}}, - organization = {American Society for Testing and Materials}, - year = {2012}, - address = {West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania} -} - -@MANUAL{IEEE-828, - title = {{IEEE Std 828-2005, IEEE Standard for Software Configuration Management Plans}}, - organization = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers}, - year = {2005} -} - -@MANUAL{IEEE:730, - Edition = {{IEEE Std 730-2002}}, - Organization = {The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers}, - Title = {IEEE Standard for Software Quality Assurance Plans}, - Year = {2002} -} - -@TECHREPORT{NIST_NCSTAR_1, - title = {{Report of the Federal Building and Fire Safety - Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster}}, - institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, - year = {2005}, - month = {July}, - type = {NIST NCSTAR}, - number = {1}, - address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, -} - -@MISC{WUI, - howpublished = {NIST Web Site}, - url = {http://www.fire.nist.gov/wui} -} - -@BOOKLET{SCHOTT, - title = {{TIE-31: Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Optical Glass}}, - howpublished = {Technical Information, Advanced Optics, SCHOTT AG}, - month = {July}, - year = {2004} -} - -@BOOK{Klote_Milke, - author = {Klote, J.H. and Milke, J.A.}, - title = {Design of Smoke Management Systems}, - publisher = {American Society of Heating Refrigeration, and - Air-Conditioning Engineers and Society of - Fire Protection Engineers}, - address = {Atlanta, Georgia}, - year = {1992}, -} - -@TECHREPORT{Sippola:1, - author = {Sippola, M. and Nazaroff, W.}, - title = {{Particle Deposition from Turbulent Flow: Review of Published Research and Its Applicability to Ventilation Ducts in Commercial Buildings}}, - year = {2002}, - institution = {Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory}, - type = {LBNL Report}, - number = {51432}, - address = {Berkeley, California}, -} - -@TECHREPORT{Bixler:1, - author = {Bixler, N.}, - title = {{VICTORIA 2.0: A Mechanistic Model for Radionuclide Behavior in a Reactor Coolant System Under Severe Accident Conditions}}, - year = {1998}, - institution = {US Nuclear Regulatory Commission}, - type = {NUREG/CR}, - number = {6131}, - address = {Washington, DC}, -} - -@ARTICLE{Cunningham:1, - author = {Cunningham, E.}, - title = {{On the Velocity of Steady Fall of Spherical Particles}}, - journal = {Proc. Roy. Soc. A}, - year = {1910}, - pages = {357}, - volume = {83}, -} - -@ARTICLE{Brock:1, - author = {Brock, J.}, - title = {{On the Theory of Thermal Forces Acting on Aerosol Particles}}, - journal = {J. Coll. Sci.}, - year = {1962}, - pages = {768-780}, - volume = {17}, -} - -@BOOK{Davies_Charles, - author = {Davies, C.}, - title = {{Aerosol Science}}, - publisher = {Academic Press}, - address = {London}, - year = {1966}, -} - -@ARTICLE{McCoy_Hanratty, - author = {McCoy, D. and Hanratty, T.}, - title = {{Rate of Deposition of Droplets in Annular Two-Phase Flow}}, - journal = {Int. J. Multiphase Flow}, - year = {1977}, - pages = {319-331}, - volume = {3}, -} - -@INPROCEEDINGS{Ludwig_ICONE, - author = {W. Ludwig and K. Lehtinen and J. Pyykonen and D. Brown and J. Paraled and J. Jokiniemi and R. Gamble}, - title = {{CFD Simulation on Aerosol Impaction and Deposition Analysis in a Passive Containment Condenser}}, - booktitle = {8th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering}, - year = {2000}, - publisher = "American Society of Mechanical Engineers", -} - -@ARTICLE{Zigrang:1, - author = {Zigrang, D. and Sylvester, N.}, - title = {{A Review of Explicit Friction Factor Equations}}, - journal = {Transactions of the ASME}, - year = {1985}, - pages = {280-283}, - volume = {107}, -} - -@ARTICLE{Bartzanas:1, - author = {Bartzanas, T. and Boulard, T. and Kittas, C.}, - title = {{Numerical simulation of the airflow and temperature distribution in a tunnel greenhouse equipped with insect-proof screens in the openings}}, - journal = {Computers and Electronics in Agriculture}, - year = {2002}, - pages = {207-221}, - volume = {34}, -} - -@TECHREPORT{GOTHIC, - author = {T. George et al.}, - title = {{GOTHIC Containment Analysis Package Users Manual}}, - institution = {Numerical Applications, Inc.}, - address = {Richland, WA}, - type = {{NAI 8907-02}}, - year = {2006}, -} - -@TECHREPORT{Ludwig:NASA, - author = {Ludwig, C.B. and Malkmus, W. and Reardon, J.E. and Thomson, J.A.L.}, - title = {{Handbook of Infrared Radiation From Combustion Gases}}, - institution = {National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Management, Scientific and Technical Information Program}, - type = {NASA SP-3080}, - pages = {496}, - year = {1973} -} - -@TECHREPORT{DOE_G_414, - author = {Danielson, G.E. and Lagdon, R.H.}, - title = {{Safety Software Guide for Use with 10 CFR 830 Subpart A, Qualiity Assurance Requirements, and DOE O 414.1C, Quality Assurance}}, - institution = {{U.S. Department of Energy}}, - address = {Washington, DC}, - type = {{DOE G 414.1-4}}, - month = {June}, - year = {2005}, -} - -@TECHREPORT{NUREG_1737, - author = {Odar, F.}, - title = {{Software Quality Assurance Procedures for NRC Thermal Hydraulic Codes}}, - institution = {{U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission}}, - address = {Washington, DC}, - type = {{NUREG-1737}}, - month = {December}, - year = {2000} -} - -@ARTICLE{Viskanta:1987, - author = {Viskanta, R and Menguc, M P }, - journal = {Progress in Energy and Combustion Science}, - pages = {97--160}, - title = {{Radiation Heat Transfer in Combustion Systems}}, - volume = {13}, - year = {1987} -} - -@INCOLLECTION{Tien:1968, - address = {New York}, - author = {Tien, C.L.}, - booktitle = {Advances in Heat Transfer}, - editor = {Hartnett, J.P. and Irvine, T.F.}, - pages = {253--324}, - publisher = {Academic Press}, - title = {{Thermal Radiation Properties of Gases}}, - volume = {5}, - year = {1968} -} - -@BOOK{Penner:1959, - address = {Reading, Massachusetts, USA}, - author = {Penner, S.S.}, - isbn = {0201057603}, - pages = {178--184}, - publisher = {Addison-Wesley Publishing Company}, - title = {{Quantitative molecular spectroscopy and gas emissivities}}, - year = {1959} -} - -@ARTICLE{Mohr:2012, - author = {Mohr, Peter J. and Taylor, Barry N. and Newell, David B.}, - journal = {Reviews of Modern Physics}, - pages = {1527--1605}, - title = {{CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2010}}, - volume = {84}, - year = {2012} -} - -@ARTICLE{Matheson:1932, - abstract = {An experimental method of measuring the absolute intensities of infrared absorption bands in gases has been used in which the absorbed energy was measured directly by the volume change in the absorbing gas due to the heat evolution in it. The absorption cell was traversed by radiation from a specially constructed infrared monochromator arranged for evacuation. The incident energy density was found through a calibrated thermocouple and galvanometer and the optical characteristics of the monochromator. Measurements were made with various path-lengths of absorbing gas. The absorption was extrapolated to zero by using a logarithmic graph which has many advantages. Line-width forms were investigated. It was found that for CO, $\alpha$=∫$\alpha$vdv was 1.18×1013 for the fundamental vibration band at 4.66$\mu$ and 1.54×1011 for the harmonic. The corresponding Einstein coefficients and the amplitudes of electric moment were calculated. The results of the analysis show that the Lorentz collision broadening type of line shape satisfies the experimental data much better than other line shapes. The line widths of the fundamental and harmonic bands were observed as 0.10 and 0.12 cm-1 at atmospheric pressure which would arise from collision diameters of 5.5A and 6.1A respectively. These line widths are smaller than have been previously reported for infrared lines.}, - author = {Matheson, LA Lorne}, - doi = {10.1103/PhysRev.40.813}, - issn = {0031-899X}, - journal = {Physical Review}, - month = jun, - number = {5}, - pages = {813--828}, - publisher = {American Physical Society}, - shorttitle = {Phys. Rev.}, - title = {{The intensity of infrared absorption bands}}, - volume = {40}, - year = {1932} -} - -@BOOK{Herzberg:1949, - address = {New York}, - author = {Herzberg, Gerhard}, - edition = {Fourth Pri}, - pages = {632}, - publisher = {D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc.}, - title = {{Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure: II, Infrared and Raman Spectra of Polyatomic Molecules}}, - year = {1949} -} - -@BOOK{Modest:2003, - author = {Modest, Michael F.}, - isbn = {0125031637}, - pages = {860}, - publisher = {Academic Press}, - title = {{Radiative Heat Transfer, Second Edition}}, - url = {http://www.amazon.com/Radiative-Heat-Transfer-Second-Edition/dp/0125031637}, - year = {2003} -} - -@MISC{III2011, - author = {Editor: Russell D. 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Stein}, - chapter = {{Boiling Point Data}}, - title = {NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69}, - publisher = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, - note = {http://webbook.nist.gov, (retrieved May 23, 2014)}, -} - - -@INBOOK{Webbook:FluidThermo, - author = {E.W. Lemmon and M.O. McLinden and D.G. Friend}, - chapter = {Thermophysical Properties of Fluid Systems}, - title = {NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69}, - publisher = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, - note = {http://webbook.nist.gov, (retrieved May 23, 2014)}, -} - -@INBOOK{CRCHandbook, - editor = {W.M. Haynes}, - title = {CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics}, - chapter = {Thermal Conductivity of Liquids}, - publisher = {CRC Press/Taylor and Francis}, - year = {(Internet Version 2015)}, - edition = {95th}, - address = {Boca Raton, Florida} -} - -@INBOOK{CRCHandbook:Enthalpy_of_Vaporization, - editor = {J.R. 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Port\'{e}-Agel}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {Boundary-Layer Meteorology}, + pages = {1-26}, + volume = {126}, + year = {2008}, +} + +@misc{Storm:thesis, + title = {The use of simulation in fire investigation}, + author = {Storm, B.M. and M.R. Pantesj\"{o}}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + howpublished = {Bachelors thesis, Stord/Haugesund University College, Norway}, + year = {2009}, +} + +@article{Steward:1970, + title = {Prediction of the height of buoyant diffusion flames}, + author = {F.R. Steward}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {Combustion Science and Technology}, + number = {4}, + pages = {203-212}, + volume = {2}, + year = {1970}, +} + +@article{Strang:1968, + title = {On the construction and comparison of difference methods}, + author = {G. Strang}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {SIAM J. Numeric. 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Stull}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Pacific Grove, California}, + edition = {2nd}, + publisher = {Brooks/Cole}, + year = {2000}, +} + +@techreport{Suchomel:1, + title = {{A Preliminary Study of Factors Influencing the Use of Vents with +Ordinary-Degree Sprinklers}}, + author = {Suchomel, M.R.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + institution = {Underwriters' Laboratories for the National Board of +Fire Underwriters, File NC449, Assignment 63K4340}, + month = {July}, + year = {1964}, +} + +@article{Sun:FAM2024, + title = {{Large eddy simulations fire modeling of JIS A 1310 facade calibration test with respect to sidewall}}, + author = {X. Sun and H. Yoshioka and T. Noguchi and Y. Nishio and Y. Ohmiya and T. Hayakawa and B. Zhou}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {Fire and Materials}, + pages = {411-425}, + volume = {48}, + year = {2024}, +} + +@techreport{Sundstrom:1998, + title = {{Results and Analysis from Fire Tests of Building Products in ISO 9705, the Room/Corner Test}}, + author = {B. Sundstr\"{o}m and P. van Hees and P. Thureson}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Bor\r{a}s, Sweden}, + institution = {SP Swedish National Testing and Research Institute}, + number = {1998:11}, + year = {1998}, +} + +@techreport{Sung:TN2083, + title = {{The Characteristics of a 1 m Methanol Pool Fire}}, + author = {K. Sung and J. Chen and M. Bundy and M. Fernandez and A. Hamins}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, + institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, + month = {February}, + number = {2083}, + type = {NIST Technical Note}, + year = {2020}, +} + +@techreport{Sung:TN2021, + title = {{Velocity and Temperature Structure of Medium-Scale Pool Fires}}, + author = {K. Sung and R. Falkenstein-Smith and A. Hamins}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, + institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, + month = {June}, + number = {2162}, + type = {NIST Technical Note}, + year = {2021}, +} + +@techreport{Sung:TN2162r1, + title = {{The Global and Local Structure of Medium-Scale Pool Fires}}, + author = {K. Sung and R. Falkenstein-Smith and M. Bundy and M. Fernandez and A. Hamins}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, + institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, + month = {October}, + number = {2162r1}, + type = {NIST Technical Note}, + year = {2024}, +} + +@article{Suo-Anttila:PCT2009, + title = {{Characterization of thermal radiation spectra in 2~m pool fires}}, + author = {Suo-Anttila, J.M. and Blanchat, T.K. and Ricks, A.J. and Brown, A.L.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1016/j.proci.2008.06.044}, + journal = {Proceedings of the Combustion Institute}, + number = {2}, + pages = {2567-2574}, + volume = {32}, + year = {2009}, +} + +@techreport{FAA-AR-03-49, + title = {{Computational Fluid Dynamics Code for Smoke Transport During an Aircraft Cargo Compartment Fire: +Transport Solver, Graphical User Interface, and Preliminary Baseline Validation}}, + author = {J. Suo-Anttila and W. Gill and C. Gallegos and J. Nelsen}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Washington, DC 20591}, + institution = {Federal Aviation Administration, Office of Aviation Research}, + month = {October}, + number = {DOT/FAA/AR-03/49}, + type = {Report}, + year = {2003}, +} + +@techreport{FAA-AR-07-27, + title = {{Cargo Compartment Smoke Transport Computational Fluid Dynamics Code Validation}}, + author = {J. Suo-Anttila and W. Gill and A. Luketa-Hanlin and C. Gallegos}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Washington, DC 20591}, + institution = {Federal Aviation Administration, Office of Aviation Research and Development}, + month = {July}, + number = {DOT/FAA/AR-07/27}, + type = {Report}, + year = {2007}, +} + +@article{Suresh:1997, + title = {{Accurate Monotonicity-Preserving Schemes with Runge-Kutta Time Stepping}}, + author = {Suresh, A. and Huynh, H.T.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1006/jcph.1997.5745}, + journal = {Journal of Computational Physics}, + pages = {83-99}, + volume = {136}, + year = {1997}, +} + +@article{Susott:FS1982, + title = {{Characterization of the thermal properties of forest fuels by combustible gas analysis}}, + author = {R.A. 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Tyson}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Londonderry, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom}, + school = {Ulster University}, + year = {2015}, +} + +@techreport{Vaari:2012, + title = {{Numerical simulations on the performance of water-based fire suppression systems}}, + author = {J. Vaari and S. Hostikka and T. Sikanen and A. Paajanen}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Espoo, Finland}, + institution = {{VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland}}, + number = {54}, + type = {VTT Technology Report}, + year = {2012}, +} + +@article{Vasilyev:2003, + title = {Solving Multi-Dimensional Evolution Problems with Localized Structures Using Second Generation Wavelets}, + author = {O. Vasilyev}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {International Journal of Computational Fluid Dynamics}, + number = {2}, + pages = {151-168}, + volume = {17}, + year = {2003}, +} + +@article{Vervisch:2010, + title = {Scalar energy fluctuations in {Large}-{Eddy} {Simulation} of turbulent flames: {Statistical} budgets and mesh quality criterion}, + author = {L. Vervisch and P. Domingo and G. Lodato and D. Veynante}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1016/j.combustflame.2009.12.017}, + journal = {Combust. Flame}, + pages = {778-789}, + volume = {157}, + year = {2010}, +} + +@techreport{Vettori:1, + title = {{Effect of an Obstructed Ceiling on the Activation Time of a Residential Sprinkler}}, + author = {Vettori, R.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, + institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, + month = {November}, + number = {6253}, + type = {NISTIR}, + year = {1998}, +} + +@techreport{Vettori:2, + title = {{Effect of a Beamed, Sloped, and Sloped Beamed Ceilings on the Activation Time of a Residential Sprinkler}}, + author = {Vettori, R.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, + institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, + month = {December}, + number = {7079}, + type = {NISTIR}, + year = {2003}, +} + +@inproceedings{Vigne:2009, + title = {{Experimental Research---Large-Scale Tunnel Fire Tests and the use of CFD modelling to predict Heat Flux and Thermal Behavior}}, + author = {G. 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Utiskul}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + institution = {University of Maryland, College Park}, + type = {Masters Thesis}, + year = {2003}, +} + +@article{Wade:FT2007, + title = {{Assessing the sprinkler activation predictive capability of the BRANZFIRE fire model}}, + author = {C. Wade and M.J. Spearpoint and A. Bittern and K. Tsai}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1007/s10694-007-0009-5}, + journal = {Fire Technology}, + note = {doi: 10.1007/s10694-007-0009-5}, + number = {3}, + pages = {175-193}, + volume = {43}, + year = {2007}, +} + +@article{Wadhwani:IJWF2022, + title = {{Firebrand transport from a novel firebrand generator: numerical simulation of laboratory experiments}}, + author = {R. Wadhwani and D. Sutherland and A. Ooi and K. 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Wakatsuki}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {College Park, Maryland}, + school = {University of Maryland}, + year = {2005}, +} + +@inproceedings{ALOFT:1, + title = {{ALOFT-PC A Smoke Plume Trajectory Model for Personal Computers}}, + author = {Walton, W. and McGrattan, K. and Mullin, J.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program (AMOP) Technical Seminar}, + month = {June}, + organization = {Environment Canada}, + year = {1996}, +} + +@inbook{SFPE:Walton, + title = {SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering}, + author = {W.D. Walton and P.H. Thomas and Y. 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Gore}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {Twenty-Seventh Symposium (International) on Combustion}, + organization = {Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania}, + year = {2001}, +} + +@inproceedings{Zukoski:IAFSS2, + title = {{Combustion Processes in Two-Layered Configurations}}, + author = {Zukoski, E.E. and Toner, S.J. and Morehart, J.H. and Kubota, T.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {Fire Safety Science -- Proceedings of the Second International Symposium}, + pages = {295-304}, + publisher = {Hemisphere Publishing Company}, + year = {1989}, +} + +@inbook{Zukoski:1995, + title = {{Combustion Fundamentals of Fire}}, + author = {E.E. Zukoski}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + chapter = {{Properties of Fire Plumes}}, + editor = {G. Cox}, + publisher = {Academic Press, London}, + year = {1995}, +} + +@misc{Colt:1, + title = {{Portsmouth Fire Test}}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + howpublished = {Colt Heating and Ventilation. Internal Report}, + year = {1966}, +} + +@manual{FMRC:1, + title = {{Fire Tests of Palletized and Racked Tire Storage}}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Norwood, Massachusetts}, + month = {July}, + note = {Serial No.~19037}, + organization = {Factory Mutual Research Corporation}, + year = {1970}, +} + +@manual{HUD:2, + title = {{Safety Considerations in Siting Housing Projects}}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + note = {{HUD Report 0050137}}, + organization = {Department of Housing and Urban Development}, + year = {1975}, +} + +@manual{FM:1, + title = {Factory Mutual Engineering Corporation Loss Prevention Data Sheet 8-0}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Norwood, Massachusetts}, + month = {March}, + organization = {Factory Mutual Research Corporation}, + year = {1977}, +} + +@techreport{DOE:1, + title = {{Combustion: An Oil Spill Mitigation Tool}}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Washington DC 20585}, + doi = {10.2172/5826420}, + institution = {Department of Energy}, + number = {DOE/EV-1830-1}, + year = {1979}, +} + +@manual{HUD:3, + title = {{Urban Development Siting with Respect to Hazardous +Commercial/Industrial Facilities}}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + month = {April}, + note = {{HUD Report HUD-777-CPD}}, + organization = {Department of Housing and Urban Development}, + year = {1982}, +} + +@misc{NTSB:Caldecott, + title = {{Multiple Vehicle Collisions and Fire -- Caldecott Tunnel near Oakland, California, April 7, 1982}}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + howpublished = {Highway Accident Report}, + month = {Adopted: May 3}, + note = {NTSB Case Reference Number: HAR-83/01; NTIS Number PB83-916201}, + year = {1983}, +} + +@manual{CRAYFISHPAK, + title = {{CRAYFISHPAK User's Guide, Cray Version 1.1}}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Boulder, Colorado}, + organization = {Green Mountain Software}, + year = {1990}, +} + +@manual{NFPA_92, + title = {{NFPA 92, Standard for Smoke Control Systems}}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Quincy, Massachusetts}, + organization = {National Fire Protection Association}, + year = {2012}, +} + +@manual{204M, + title = {{NFPA 204M, Guide for Smoke and Heat Venting}}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Quincy, Massachusetts}, + organization = {National Fire Protection Association}, + year = {1991}, +} + +@manual{NFPA_805, + title = {NFPA 805: Performance-Based Standard for Fire Protection for Light-Water Reactor Electric Generating Plants}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Quincy, Massachusetts}, + organization = {National Fire Protection Association}, + year = {2001}, +} + +@manual{NFPA_5000, + title = {NFPA 5000: Building Construction and Safety Code}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Quincy, Massachusetts}, + organization = {National Fire Protection Association}, + year = {2012}, +} + +@manual{ISO6182-1, + title = {ISO 6182-1, Fire Protection -- Automatic Sprinkler Systems -- Part 1: Requirements +and test methods for sprinklers}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Geneva, Switzerland}, + organization = {International Organization for Standardization (ISO)}, + year = {1993}, +} + +@manual{ISO16730, + title = {{ISO 16730, Fire Safety Engineering -- Assessment, Verification and Validation of Calculation Methods}}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Geneva, Switzerland}, + organization = {International Organization for Standardization (ISO)}, + year = {2008}, +} + +@manual{FM:3, + title = {Factory Mutual Engineering Corporation Loss Prevention Data Sheet 8-9}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Norwood, Massachusetts}, + month = {September}, + organization = {Factory Mutual Research Corporation}, + year = {1993}, +} + +@manual{UFC, + title = {Uniform Fire Code}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Whittier, California}, + organization = {International Conference of Building Officials}, + year = {1994}, +} + +@manual{conecal, + title = {{ASTM E 1354-04a, Standard Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke +Release Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Combustion +Calorimeter}}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania}, + organization = {American Society for Testing and Materials}, + year = {2007}, +} + +@manual{diffscancal, + title = {{ASTM E 2070-08, Standard Test Method for Kinetic Parameters by Differential Scanning Calorimetry Using Isothermal Methods}}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania}, + organization = {American Society for Testing and Materials}, + year = {2008}, +} + +@manual{intgsphere, + title = {{ASTM E 1175-87(2009), Standard Test Method for Determining Solar or Photopic Reference, Transmittance, and Absorptance of Materials Using a Large Diameter Integrating Sphere}}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania}, + organization = {American Society for Testing and Materials}, + year = {2009}, +} + +@manual{laserflash, + title = {{ASTM E 1461-07, Standard Test Method for Thermal Diffusivity by the Flash Method}}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania}, + organization = {American Society for Testing and Materials}, + year = {2007}, +} + +@manual{microcc, + title = {{ASTM D 7309-11, Standard Test Method for Determining Flammability Characteristics of Plastics and Other Solid Materials Using Microscale Combustion Calorimetry}}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania}, + organization = {American Society for Testing and Materials}, + year = {2011}, +} + +@manual{thermalga, + title = {{ASTM E 1131-08, Standard Test Method for Compositional Analysis by Thermogravimetry}}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania}, + organization = {American Society for Testing and Materials}, + year = {2008}, +} + +@manual{transline, + title = {{ASTM D 5930-09, Standard Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Plastics by Means of a Transient Line-Source Technique}}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania}, + organization = {American Society for Testing and Materials}, + year = {2009}, +} + +@manual{CALTB129, + title = {Flammability Test Procedure for Mattresses for Use in Public Buildings}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {North Highlands, California}, + organization = {California Bureau of Home Furnishings}, + year = {1992}, +} + +@manual{CALTB133, + title = {Flammability Test Procedure for Seating Furniture for Use in Public Occupancies}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {North Highlands, California}, + organization = {California Bureau of Home Furnishings}, + year = {1991}, +} + +@manual{UL1709, + title = {{UL 1709, Standard for Rapid-Rise Fire Tests of Protection +Materials for Structural Steel}}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Northbrook, Illinois}, + organization = {Underwriters Laboratories}, + year = {1994}, +} + +@manual{LIFT, + title = {{ASTM E 1321, Lateral Ignition and Flame Spread Test}}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania}, + organization = {American Society for Testing and Materials}, + year = {1994}, +} + +@manual{FM:2, + title = {Factory Mutual Engineering Corporation Loss Prevention Data Sheet 8-0S}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Norwood, Massachusetts}, + month = {January}, + organization = {Factory Mutual Research Corporation}, + year = {1994}, +} + +@manual{231C, + title = {Standard for Rack Storage of Materials}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Quincy, Massachusetts}, + note = {NFPA 231C}, + organization = {National Fire Protection Association}, + year = {1995}, +} + +@manual{Memorial, + title = {{Memorial Tunnel Fire Ventilation Test Program}}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + month = {November}, + note = {Test report prepared by Bechtel/Parsons Brinckerhoff}, + organization = {Massachusetts Highway Department and Federal Highway Administration}, + year = {1995}, +} + +@manual{Memorial_Volume_2, + title = {{Memorial Tunnel Fire Ventilation Test Program: Natural Ventilation and Longitudinal Ventilation with Jet Fans}}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + month = {November}, + note = {Test report prepared by Bechtel/Parsons Brinckerhoff}, + organization = {Massachusetts Highway Department and Federal Highway Administration}, + year = {1995}, +} + +@manual{Memorial_Phase_IV, + title = {{Memorial Tunnel Fire Ventilation Test Program, Phase IV Report}}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + month = {January}, + note = {Test report prepared by Bechtel/Parsons Brinckerhoff}, + organization = {Massachusetts Highway Department and Federal Highway Administration}, + year = {1999}, +} + +@manual{HUD:1, + title = {{Siting of HUD-Assisted Projects near Hazardous Facilities -- +A Guidebook, Acceptable Separation Distances from Explosive and +Flammable Hazards}}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + month = {September}, + note = {{HUD Report HUD-1060-CPD (1)}}, + organization = {Department of Housing and Urban Development}, + year = {1996}, +} + +@manual{13, + title = {Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Quincy, Massachusetts}, + note = {NFPA 13}, + organization = {National Fire Protection Association}, + year = {1996}, +} + +@inbook{NFPA, + title = {Fire Protection Handbook}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Quincy, Massachusetts}, + edition = {18th}, + publisher = {National Fire Protection Association}, + year = {1997}, +} + +@manual{SFPE:1, + title = {{Engineering Guide for Assessing Flame Radiation to External Targets from Pool Fires}}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Bethesda, Maryland}, + month = {June}, + organization = {Society of Fire Protection Engineers}, + year = {1999}, +} + +@techreport{NRC:1, + title = {{International Collaborative Project to Evaluate +Fire Models for Nuclear Power Plant Applications -- Summary of +Planning Meeting}}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + institution = {{Nuclear Regulatory Commission}}, + number = {{NUREG/CP-0170}}, + year = {2000}, +} + +@manual{E119, + title = {{ASTM E 119, Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building +Construction and Materials}}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania}, + organization = {American Society for Testing and Materials}, + year = {2002}, +} + +@misc{NTSB:1, + title = {{NTSB Fire Group -- Factual Report}}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + howpublished = {NTSB Public Docket}, + month = {Report Issue Date: October}, + note = {NTSB Case Reference Number: DCA 01 MR 004; Accident Site +Location Reference: Baltimore, Maryland (Howard Street Tunnel); Accident +Date Reference: July 18, 2001}, + year = {2002}, +} + +@manual{ASTM:E1355, + title = {{ASTM E1355-12, Standard Guide for Evaluating the +Predictive Capabilities of Deterministic Fire Models}}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania}, + organization = {American Society for Testing and Materials}, + year = {2012}, +} + +@manual{IEEE-828, + title = {{IEEE Std 828-2005, IEEE Standard for Software Configuration Management Plans}}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + organization = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers}, + year = {2005}, +} + +@manual{IEEE:730, + title = {IEEE Standard for Software Quality Assurance Plans}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + edition = {{IEEE Std 730-2002}}, + organization = {The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers}, + year = {2002}, +} + +@techreport{NIST_NCSTAR_1, + title = {{Report of the Federal Building and Fire Safety +Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster}}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, + institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, + month = {July}, + number = {1}, + type = {NIST NCSTAR}, + year = {2005}, +} + +@misc{WUI, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + howpublished = {NIST Web Site}, + url = {http://www.fire.nist.gov/wui}, +} + +@booklet{SCHOTT, + title = {{TIE-31: Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Optical Glass}}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + howpublished = {Technical Information, Advanced Optics, SCHOTT AG}, + month = {July}, + year = {2004}, +} + +@book{Klote_Milke, + title = {Design of Smoke Management Systems}, + author = {Klote, J.H. and Milke, J.A.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Atlanta, Georgia}, + publisher = {American Society of Heating Refrigeration, and +Air-Conditioning Engineers and Society of +Fire Protection Engineers}, + year = {1992}, +} + +@techreport{Sippola:1, + title = {{Particle Deposition from Turbulent Flow: Review of Published Research and Its Applicability to Ventilation Ducts in Commercial Buildings}}, + author = {Sippola, M. and Nazaroff, W.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Berkeley, California}, + doi = {10.2172/815478}, + institution = {Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory}, + number = {51432}, + type = {LBNL Report}, + year = {2002}, +} + +@techreport{Bixler:1, + title = {{VICTORIA 2.0: A Mechanistic Model for Radionuclide Behavior in a Reactor Coolant System Under Severe Accident Conditions}}, + author = {Bixler, N.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Washington, DC}, + institution = {US Nuclear Regulatory Commission}, + number = {6131}, + type = {NUREG/CR}, + year = {1998}, +} + +@article{Cunningham:1, + title = {{On the Velocity of Steady Fall of Spherical Particles}}, + author = {Cunningham, E.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {Proc. Roy. Soc. A}, + pages = {357}, + volume = {83}, + year = {1910}, +} + +@article{Brock:1, + title = {{On the Theory of Thermal Forces Acting on Aerosol Particles}}, + author = {Brock, J.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1016/0095-8522(62)90051-x}, + journal = {J. Coll. Sci.}, + pages = {768-780}, + volume = {17}, + year = {1962}, +} + +@book{Davies_Charles, + title = {{Aerosol Science}}, + author = {Davies, C.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {London}, + publisher = {Academic Press}, + year = {1966}, +} + +@article{McCoy_Hanratty, + title = {{Rate of Deposition of Droplets in Annular Two-Phase Flow}}, + author = {McCoy, D. and Hanratty, T.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1016/0301-9322(77)90012-x}, + journal = {Int. J. Multiphase Flow}, + pages = {319-331}, + volume = {3}, + year = {1977}, +} + +@inproceedings{Ludwig_ICONE, + title = {{CFD Simulation on Aerosol Impaction and Deposition Analysis in a Passive Containment Condenser}}, + author = {W. Ludwig and K. Lehtinen and J. Pyykonen and D. Brown and J. Paraled and J. Jokiniemi and R. Gamble}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {8th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering}, + publisher = {American Society of Mechanical Engineers}, + year = {2000}, +} + +@article{Zigrang:1, + title = {{A Review of Explicit Friction Factor Equations}}, + author = {Zigrang, D. and Sylvester, N.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {Transactions of the ASME}, + pages = {280-283}, + volume = {107}, + year = {1985}, +} + +@article{Bartzanas:1, + title = {{Numerical simulation of the airflow and temperature distribution in a tunnel greenhouse equipped with insect-proof screens in the openings}}, + author = {Bartzanas, T. and Boulard, T. and Kittas, C.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {Computers and Electronics in Agriculture}, + pages = {207-221}, + volume = {34}, + year = {2002}, +} + +@techreport{GOTHIC, + title = {{GOTHIC Containment Analysis Package Users Manual}}, + author = {T. George et al.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Richland, WA}, + institution = {Numerical Applications, Inc.}, + type = {{NAI 8907-02}}, + year = {2006}, +} + +@techreport{Ludwig:NASA, + title = {{Handbook of Infrared Radiation From Combustion Gases}}, + author = {Ludwig, C.B. and Malkmus, W. and Reardon, J.E. and Thomson, J.A.L.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + institution = {National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Management, Scientific and Technical Information Program}, + pages = {496}, + type = {NASA SP-3080}, + year = {1973}, +} + +@techreport{DOE_G_414, + title = {{Safety Software Guide for Use with 10 CFR 830 Subpart A, Qualiity Assurance Requirements, and DOE O 414.1C, Quality Assurance}}, + author = {Danielson, G.E. and Lagdon, R.H.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Washington, DC}, + institution = {{U.S. Department of Energy}}, + month = {June}, + type = {{DOE G 414.1-4}}, + year = {2005}, +} + +@techreport{NUREG_1737, + title = {{Software Quality Assurance Procedures for NRC Thermal Hydraulic Codes}}, + author = {Odar, F.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Washington, DC}, + institution = {{U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission}}, + month = {December}, + type = {{NUREG-1737}}, + year = {2000}, +} + +@article{Viskanta:1987, + title = {{Radiation Heat Transfer in Combustion Systems}}, + author = {Viskanta, R and Menguc, M P }, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1016/0360-1285(87)90008-6}, + journal = {Progress in Energy and Combustion Science}, + pages = {97--160}, + volume = {13}, + year = {1987}, +} + +@incollection{Tien:1968, + title = {{Thermal Radiation Properties of Gases}}, + author = {Tien, C.L.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {New York}, + booktitle = {Advances in Heat Transfer}, + editor = {Hartnett, J.P. and Irvine, T.F.}, + pages = {253--324}, + publisher = {Academic Press}, + volume = {5}, + year = {1968}, +} + +@book{Penner:1959, + title = {{Quantitative molecular spectroscopy and gas emissivities}}, + author = {Penner, S.S.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Reading, Massachusetts, USA}, + isbn = {0201057603}, + pages = {178--184}, + publisher = {Addison-Wesley Publishing Company}, + year = {1959}, +} + +@article{Mohr:2012, + title = {{CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2010}}, + author = {Mohr, Peter J. and Taylor, Barry N. and Newell, David B.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1103/revmodphys.84.1527}, + journal = {Reviews of Modern Physics}, + pages = {1527--1605}, + volume = {84}, + year = {2012}, +} + +@article{Matheson:1932, + title = {{The intensity of infrared absorption bands}}, + author = {Matheson, LA Lorne}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + abstract = {An experimental method of measuring the absolute intensities of infrared absorption bands in gases has been used in which the absorbed energy was measured directly by the volume change in the absorbing gas due to the heat evolution in it. The absorption cell was traversed by radiation from a specially constructed infrared monochromator arranged for evacuation. The incident energy density was found through a calibrated thermocouple and galvanometer and the optical characteristics of the monochromator. Measurements were made with various path-lengths of absorbing gas. The absorption was extrapolated to zero by using a logarithmic graph which has many advantages. Line-width forms were investigated. It was found that for CO, $\alpha$=∫$\alpha$vdv was 1.18×1013 for the fundamental vibration band at 4.66$\mu$ and 1.54×1011 for the harmonic. The corresponding Einstein coefficients and the amplitudes of electric moment were calculated. The results of the analysis show that the Lorentz collision broadening type of line shape satisfies the experimental data much better than other line shapes. The line widths of the fundamental and harmonic bands were observed as 0.10 and 0.12 cm-1 at atmospheric pressure which would arise from collision diameters of 5.5A and 6.1A respectively. These line widths are smaller than have been previously reported for infrared lines.}, + doi = {10.1103/PhysRev.40.813}, + issn = {0031-899X}, + journal = {Physical Review}, + month = {June}, + number = {5}, + pages = {813--828}, + publisher = {American Physical Society}, + shorttitle = {Phys. Rev.}, + volume = {40}, + year = {1932}, +} + +@book{Herzberg:1949, + title = {{Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure: II, Infrared and Raman Spectra of Polyatomic Molecules}}, + author = {Herzberg, Gerhard}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {New York}, + edition = {Fourth Pri}, + pages = {632}, + publisher = {D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc.}, + year = {1949}, +} + +@book{Modest:2003, + title = {{Radiative Heat Transfer, Second Edition}}, + author = {Modest, Michael F.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + isbn = {0125031637}, + pages = {860}, + publisher = {Academic Press}, + url = {http://www.amazon.com/Radiative-Heat-Transfer-Second-Edition/dp/0125031637}, + year = {2003}, +} + +@misc{III2011, + title = {{NIST Computational Chemistry Comparison and Benchmark Database}}, + author = {Editor: Russell D. Johnson III}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {NIST Standard Reference Database Number 101 Release 15b}, + year = {2011}, +} + +@techreport{Walton:1, + title = {{ASET-B: A Room Fire Program for Personal Computers}}, + author = {Walton, W.D.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, + doi = {10.1007/bf01103585}, + institution = {National Bureau of Standards (now NIST)}, + number = {85-3144}, + type = {NBSIR}, + year = {1985}, +} + +@article{Tanaka:1, + title = {{Smoke Control in Large Scale Spaces (Part 1, Analytic +theories for simple smoke control problems)}}, + author = {Tanaka, T. and Yamana, T.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.3210/fst.5.31}, + journal = {Fire Science and Technology}, + number = {1}, + pages = {31--40}, + volume = {5}, + year = {1985}, +} + +@inbook{SFPE:Custer, + title = {SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering}, + author = {Schifiliti, R.P. and Custer, R.L.P. and Meacham, B.J.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {New York}, + chapter = {{Design of Detection Systems}}, + doi = {10.1007/978-1-4939-2565-0}, + edition = {5th}, + publisher = {Springer}, + year = {2016}, +} + +@inbook{SFPE:Milke, + title = {SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering}, + author = {Milke, J.A.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {New York}, + chapter = {{Smoke Control by Mechanical Exhaust or Natural Venting}}, + doi = {10.1007/978-1-4939-2565-0}, + edition = {5th}, + publisher = {Springer}, + year = {2016}, +} + +@inbook{SFPE:Milke2, + title = {SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering}, + author = {Milke, J.A.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {New York}, + chapter = {{Anaytical Methods for Determining Fire Resistance of Steel Members}}, + doi = {10.1007/978-1-4939-2565-0}, + edition = {5th}, + publisher = {Springer}, + year = {2016}, +} + +@inbook{SFPE:Mowrer, + title = {SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering}, + author = {Mowrer, F.W.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {New York}, + chapter = {{Enclosure Smoke Filling and Fire-Generated Environmental Conditions}}, + doi = {10.1007/978-1-4939-2565-0}, + edition = {5th}, + publisher = {Springer}, + year = {2016}, +} + +@book{Buchanan:1, + title = {{Structural Design for Fire Safety}}, + author = {Buchanan, A.H.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {New York}, + publisher = {John Wiley and Sons}, + year = {2001}, +} + +@article{Milke:1, + title = {{Smoke Management for Covered Malls and Atria}}, + author = {Milke, J.A.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1007/bf01040110}, + journal = {Fire Technology}, + number = {3}, + pages = {223--243}, + volume = {26}, + year = {1990}, +} + +@article{Mowrer:1, + title = {{Lag Time Associated With Fire Detection and Suppression}}, + author = {Mowrer, F.W.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {Fire Technology}, + number = {3}, + pages = {244--265}, + volume = {26}, + year = {1990}, +} + +@inproceedings{Tukey:1, + title = {{Curves as Parameters, and Touch Estimation}}, + author = {Tukey, J.W.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {Proc. Fourth Berkeley Symp. on Math. Statist. and Prob.}, + pages = {681-694}, + publisher = {University of California Press}, + volume = {1}, + year = {1961}, +} + +@inbook{Webbook:Thermo, + title = {NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69}, + author = {D.R. Burgess}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + chapter = {{Thermochemical Data}}, + note = {http://webbook.nist.gov, (retrieved May 23, 2014)}, + publisher = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, +} + +@inbook{Webbook:HeatCapacity, + title = {NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69}, + author = {E.S. Domalski and E.D. Hearing}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + chapter = {Condensed Phase Heat Capacity Data}, + note = {http://webbook.nist.gov, (retrieved May 23, 2014)}, + publisher = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, +} + +@inbook{Webbook:BoilingPoint, + title = {NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69}, + author = {R.L. Brown and S.E. Stein}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + chapter = {{Boiling Point Data}}, + note = {http://webbook.nist.gov, (retrieved May 23, 2014)}, + publisher = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, +} + +@inbook{Webbook:FluidThermo, + title = {NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69}, + author = {E.W. Lemmon and M.O. McLinden and D.G. Friend}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + chapter = {Thermophysical Properties of Fluid Systems}, + note = {http://webbook.nist.gov, (retrieved May 23, 2014)}, + publisher = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, +} + +@inbook{CRCHandbook, + title = {CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Boca Raton, Florida}, + chapter = {Thermal Conductivity of Liquids}, + doi = {10.1201/b17118}, + edition = {95th}, + editor = {W.M. Haynes}, + publisher = {CRC Press/Taylor and Francis}, + year = {(Internet Version 2015)}, +} + +@inbook{CRCHandbook:Enthalpy_of_Vaporization, + title = {CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Boca Raton, Florida}, + chapter = {Enthalpy of Vaporization}, + doi = {10.1201/9781315380476}, + edition = {101st}, + editor = {J.R. Rumble}, + publisher = {CRC Press/Taylor and Francis}, + year = {(Internet Version 2020)}, +} + +@techreport{FDS_Datacenter_Rpt, + title = {{Validation of Modeling Tools for Detection Design in High Air flow Environments: Phase II -- Task 4b and 4c: Full Scale Model Verification and Validation}}, + author = {J. Floyd and H. Boehmer and D. Gottuk}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Quincy, Massachusetts}, + institution = {Fire Protection Research Foundation}, + year = {2014}, +} + +@techreport{FM_Datacenter_Rpt, + title = {{Experimental Data for Modeling Validaton of Smoke Transport in Data Centers}}, + author = {S. Thumuluru and B. Ditch and P. Chatterjee and M. Chaos}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Norwood, Massachusetts}, + institution = {FM Global}, + year = {2014}, +} + +@article{VafaiTien:1981, + title = {{Boundary and Inertia Effects on Flow and Heat Transfer in Porous Media}}, + author = {K. Vafai and C. Tien}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1016/0017-9310(81)90027-2}, + journal = {Int J Heat Mass Trasnfer}, + pages = {195--203}, + volume = {24}, + year = {1981}, } @article{lautenberger2014gpyro3d, - title={Gpyro3D: A three dimensional generalized pyrolysis model}, - author={C.W. Lautenberger}, - journal={Fire Safety Science}, - volume={11}, - pages={193--207}, - year={2014} -} - -@TECHREPORT{Davidson:1993, - author = {T. Davidson}, - title = {{A Simple and Accurate Method for Calculating Viscosity of Gas Mixtures}}, - institution = {US Bureau of Mines}, - year = {1993}, - type = {{RI 9456}} -} - -@ARTICLE{Jennings_S_G, - author = {S. G. Jennings}, - title = {{The Mean Free Path in Air}}, - journal = {J. Aerosol Sci.}, - year = {1988}, - volume = {19}, - number = {2}, - pages = {159-166} -} - -@INPROCEEDINGS{Bogdan:1, - author = {B. Z. Dlugogorski and E. M. Kennedy and K. A. Morris}, - title = {{Thermal Behavior of Cup Burners}}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the Seventh International Interflam Conference}, - year = {1996}, - publisher = {Interscience Communications, London}, - pages = {445--457}, -} - -@INPROCEEDINGS{Takahashi:CS2007, - author = {F. Takahashi and G. Linteris and V. Katta}, - title = {{Extinguishment mechanisms of coflow diffusion flames in cup-burner apparatus}}, - booktitle = {Thirty First Symposium (International) on Combustion}, - organization = {Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania}, - year = {2007}, - pages = {2721--2729}, -} - -@INPROCEEDINGS{Ural:1, - author = {E. A. Ural}, - title = {{Measurement of the Extinguishing Concentration of Gaseous Fuels Using the Cup-Burner Apparatus}}, - booktitle = {Halon Options Technical Working Conference}, - year = {2007}, - pages = {278--283} -} - -@INPROCEEDINGS{Tapscott:1, - author = {R. E. Tapscott}, - title = {{"Best Values" of Cup-Burner Extinguishing Concentrations}}, - booktitle = {Halon Options Technical Working Conference}, - year = {1996}, - pages = {265--274} -} - -@TECHREPORT{Zabetakis:1965, - author = {M. G. Zabetakis}, - title = {{Flammability characteristics of combustible gases and vapors}}, - institution = {US Bureau of Mines}, - year = {1965}, - type = {{Bulletin 627}} -} - -@INPROCEEDINGS{Moore:1, - author = {T. E. Moore and C. A. Weitz and R. E. Tapscott}, - title = {{An Update and NMERI Cup-Burner Test Results}}, - booktitle = {Halon Options Technical Working Conference}, - year = {1996}, - pages = {551--564} -} - -@TECHREPORT{Grosshandler:Cup, - author = {W. L. Grosshandler and R. G. Gann and W. M. Pitts}, - title = {{Evaluation of alternative in-flight fire suppressants for full-scale testing in simulated aircraft engine nacelles and dry bays}}, - institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, - year = {1994}, - type = {{NIST SP 861}} -} - -@ARTICLE{Senecal:FSJ, - author = {J. A. Senecal}, - title = {{Flame extingsuishment in the cup-burner by inert gases}}, - journal = {Fire Safety Journal}, - volume = {40}, - year = {2005}, - pages = {579-591} -} - -@ARTICLE{Sheinson:FSJ, - author = {R. S. Sheinson and J. E. Penner-Hahn and D. Indritz}, - title = {{The physical and chemical action of fire suppressants}}, - journal = {Fire Safety Journal}, - volume = {15}, - year = {1989}, - pages = {437-450} -} - -@ARTICLE{Saito:FSJ, - author = {N. Saito and Y. Ogawa and Y. Saso and C. Laio and R. Sakei}, - title = {{Flame-extinguishing concentrations and peak concentrations of N$_2$, Ar, CO$_2$ and their mixtures for hydrocarbon fuels}}, - journal = {Fire Safety Journal}, - volume = {27}, - year = {1996}, - pages = {185-200} -} - -@INPROCEEDINGS{Hamins:CS1998, - author = {A. Hamins}, - title = {{Flame extinction by sodium bicarbonate powder in a cup burner}}, - booktitle = {Twenty-seventh Symposium (International) on Combustion}, - organization = {Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania}, - year = {1998}, - pages = {2857--2864}, -} - -@MANUAL{NFPA_2001, - title = {{NFPA 2001, Standard on Clean Agent Fire Extinguising Systems}}, - organization = {National Fire Protection Association}, - year = {2015}, - address = {Quincy, Massachusetts} -} - -@MANUAL{ISO_14520, - title = {{ISO 14520, Gaseous fire-extinguishing systems - Physical properties and system design}}, - organization = {International Organization for Standardization}, - year = {2006}, - address = {Geneva, Switzerland} -} - -@ARTICLE{Hirst:1, - author = {R. Hirst and K. Booth}, - title = {{Measurement of Flame-Extinguishing Concentrations}}, - journal = {Fire Technology}, - volume = {13}, - year = {1977}, - pages = {296-315} -} - -@ARTICLE{Sakei:1, - author = {R. Sakei and N. Saito and Y. Saso and Y. Ogawa}, - title = {{Flame Extinguishing Concentrations of Halon Replacements for Flammable Liquids}}, - journal = {Report of Fire Research Institute of Japan}, - volume = {90}, - year = {1995} -} - -@ARTICLE{Weinan:1, - author = {E, Weinan and Liu, Jian-Guo}, - journal = {Communications in Mathematical Sciences}, - pages = {317--332}, - title = {Gauge Method for Viscous Incompressible Flows}, - volume = {1}, - year = {2003} -} - - -@ARTICLE{Yamamoto:1, - author = {I. Yamamoto and K. Saitor and. S. Yamashika}, - title = {{Flame Extinguishing Concentration by Cup Burner Method}}, - journal = {Report of Fire Research Institute of Japan}, - volume = {57}, - year = {1984} + title = {Gpyro3D: A three dimensional generalized pyrolysis model}, + author = {C.W. Lautenberger}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.3801/iafss.fss.11-193}, + journal = {Fire Safety Science}, + pages = {193--207}, + volume = {11}, + year = {2014}, +} + +@techreport{Davidson:1993, + title = {{A Simple and Accurate Method for Calculating Viscosity of Gas Mixtures}}, + author = {T. Davidson}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + institution = {US Bureau of Mines}, + type = {{RI 9456}}, + year = {1993}, +} + +@article{Jennings_S_G, + title = {{The Mean Free Path in Air}}, + author = {S. G. Jennings}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1016/0021-8502(88)90219-4}, + journal = {J. Aerosol Sci.}, + number = {2}, + pages = {159-166}, + volume = {19}, + year = {1988}, +} + +@inproceedings{Bogdan:1, + title = {{Thermal Behavior of Cup Burners}}, + author = {B. Z. Dlugogorski and E. M. Kennedy and K. A. Morris}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the Seventh International Interflam Conference}, + pages = {445--457}, + publisher = {Interscience Communications, London}, + year = {1996}, +} + +@inproceedings{Takahashi:CS2007, + title = {{Extinguishment mechanisms of coflow diffusion flames in cup-burner apparatus}}, + author = {F. Takahashi and G. Linteris and V. Katta}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {Thirty First Symposium (International) on Combustion}, + organization = {Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania}, + pages = {2721--2729}, + year = {2007}, +} + +@inproceedings{Ural:1, + title = {{Measurement of the Extinguishing Concentration of Gaseous Fuels Using the Cup-Burner Apparatus}}, + author = {E. A. Ural}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {Halon Options Technical Working Conference}, + pages = {278--283}, + year = {2007}, +} + +@inproceedings{Tapscott:1, + title = {{"Best Values" of Cup-Burner Extinguishing Concentrations}}, + author = {R. E. Tapscott}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {Halon Options Technical Working Conference}, + pages = {265--274}, + year = {1996}, +} + +@techreport{Zabetakis:1965, + title = {{Flammability characteristics of combustible gases and vapors}}, + author = {M. G. Zabetakis}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + institution = {US Bureau of Mines}, + type = {{Bulletin 627}}, + year = {1965}, +} + +@inproceedings{Moore:1, + title = {{An Update and NMERI Cup-Burner Test Results}}, + author = {T. E. Moore and C. A. Weitz and R. E. Tapscott}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {Halon Options Technical Working Conference}, + pages = {551--564}, + year = {1996}, +} + +@techreport{Grosshandler:Cup, + title = {{Evaluation of alternative in-flight fire suppressants for full-scale testing in simulated aircraft engine nacelles and dry bays}}, + author = {W. L. Grosshandler and R. G. Gann and W. M. Pitts}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + institution = {National Institute of Standards and Technology}, + type = {{NIST SP 861}}, + year = {1994}, +} + +@article{Senecal:FSJ, + title = {{Flame extingsuishment in the cup-burner by inert gases}}, + author = {J. A. Senecal}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {Fire Safety Journal}, + pages = {579-591}, + volume = {40}, + year = {2005}, +} + +@article{Sheinson:FSJ, + title = {{The physical and chemical action of fire suppressants}}, + author = {R. S. Sheinson and J. E. Penner-Hahn and D. Indritz}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1016/0379-7112(89)90015-5}, + journal = {Fire Safety Journal}, + pages = {437-450}, + volume = {15}, + year = {1989}, +} + +@article{Saito:FSJ, + title = {{Flame-extinguishing concentrations and peak concentrations of N$_2$, Ar, CO$_2$ and their mixtures for hydrocarbon fuels}}, + author = {N. Saito and Y. Ogawa and Y. Saso and C. Laio and R. Sakei}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {Fire Safety Journal}, + pages = {185-200}, + volume = {27}, + year = {1996}, +} + +@inproceedings{Hamins:CS1998, + title = {{Flame extinction by sodium bicarbonate powder in a cup burner}}, + author = {A. Hamins}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {Twenty-seventh Symposium (International) on Combustion}, + doi = {10.1016/s0082-0784(98)80144-6}, + organization = {Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania}, + pages = {2857--2864}, + year = {1998}, +} + +@manual{NFPA_2001, + title = {{NFPA 2001, Standard on Clean Agent Fire Extinguising Systems}}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Quincy, Massachusetts}, + organization = {National Fire Protection Association}, + year = {2015}, +} + +@manual{ISO_14520, + title = {{ISO 14520, Gaseous fire-extinguishing systems - Physical properties and system design}}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Geneva, Switzerland}, + organization = {International Organization for Standardization}, + year = {2006}, +} + +@article{Hirst:1, + title = {{Measurement of Flame-Extinguishing Concentrations}}, + author = {R. Hirst and K. Booth}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1007/bf02319727}, + journal = {Fire Technology}, + pages = {296-315}, + volume = {13}, + year = {1977}, +} + +@article{Sakei:1, + title = {{Flame Extinguishing Concentrations of Halon Replacements for Flammable Liquids}}, + author = {R. Sakei and N. Saito and Y. Saso and Y. Ogawa}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {Report of Fire Research Institute of Japan}, + volume = {90}, + year = {1995}, +} + +@article{Weinan:1, + title = {Gauge Method for Viscous Incompressible Flows}, + author = {E, Weinan and Liu, Jian-Guo}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.4310/cms.2003.v1.n2.a6}, + journal = {Communications in Mathematical Sciences}, + pages = {317--332}, + volume = {1}, + year = {2003}, +} + +@article{Yamamoto:1, + title = {{Flame Extinguishing Concentration by Cup Burner Method}}, + author = {I. Yamamoto and K. Saitor and. S. Yamashika}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {Report of Fire Research Institute of Japan}, + volume = {57}, + year = {1984}, } @article{Bhattacharyya2008, - title = {The mean distance to the $n$th neighbour in a uniform distribution of random points: an application of probability theory}, - volume = {29}, - number = {3}, - journal = {European Journal of Physics}, - author = {Bhattacharyya, Pratip and Chakrabarti, Bikas K.}, - year = {2008}, - pages = {639-645} -} - -@INPROCEEDINGS{Zeng:26ICDERS, - author = {D. Zeng and Y. Wang}, - title = {{Dependence of Limiting Oxygen Index of Buoyant Turbulent non-premixed Flame on Fuel}}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the 26th International Colloquium on the Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems}, - year = {2017}, - address = {Boston, Massachusetts} -} - -@ARTICLE{Zhao:2014, - author = {L.M. Zhao and Y.M. Zhang}, - title = {{Numerical Case Studies of Vertical Wall Fire Protection Using Water Spray}}, - journal = {Case Studies in Thermal Engineering}, - volume = {4}, - pages = {129-135}, - year = {2014}, - doi = {10.1016/j.csite.2014.09.002} -} - -@ARTICLE{Zhao:2023, - author = {L.M. Zhao and H.M. Zhang}, - title = {{Numerical Simulation Study on Suppression Effect of Water Mist on PMMA Combustion under External Radiant Heat Flux}}, - journal = {Frontiers in Materials}, - volume = {10}, - pages = {1-8}, - year = {2023}, - doi = {10.3389/fmats.2023.1110610} + title = {The mean distance to the $n$th neighbour in a uniform distribution of random points: an application of probability theory}, + author = {Bhattacharyya, Pratip and Chakrabarti, Bikas K.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + journal = {European Journal of Physics}, + number = {3}, + pages = {639-645}, + volume = {29}, + year = {2008}, +} + +@inproceedings{Zeng:26ICDERS, + title = {{Dependence of Limiting Oxygen Index of Buoyant Turbulent non-premixed Flame on Fuel}}, + author = {D. Zeng and Y. Wang}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Boston, Massachusetts}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 26th International Colloquium on the Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems}, + year = {2017}, +} + +@article{Zhao:2014, + title = {{Numerical Case Studies of Vertical Wall Fire Protection Using Water Spray}}, + author = {L.M. Zhao and Y.M. Zhang}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1016/j.csite.2014.09.002}, + journal = {Case Studies in Thermal Engineering}, + pages = {129-135}, + volume = {4}, + year = {2014}, +} + +@article{Zhao:2023, + title = {{Numerical Simulation Study on Suppression Effect of Water Mist on PMMA Combustion under External Radiant Heat Flux}}, + author = {L.M. Zhao and H.M. Zhang}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.3389/fmats.2023.1110610}, + journal = {Frontiers in Materials}, + pages = {1-8}, + volume = {10}, + year = {2023}, } @phdthesis{Ziegler:thesis, - author = {J. Ziegler}, - title = {{Impacts of Treatments on Forest Structure and Fire Behavior in Dry Western Forests}}, - school = {Colorado State University}, - address = {Fort Collins, Colorado}, - year = {2014} + title = {{Impacts of Treatments on Forest Structure and Fire Behavior in Dry Western Forests}}, + author = {J. Ziegler}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Fort Collins, Colorado}, + school = {Colorado State University}, + year = {2014}, } @article{Ziegler:FEM2017, - author = {J.P. Ziegler and C.M. Hoffman and M.A. Battaglia and W. Mell}, - title = {{Spatially explicit measurements of forest structure and fire behavior following restoration treatments in dry forests}}, - volume = {386}, - journal = {Forest Ecology and Management}, - year = {2017}, - doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2016.12.002} + title = {{Spatially explicit measurements of forest structure and fire behavior following restoration treatments in dry forests}}, + author = {J.P. Ziegler and C.M. Hoffman and M.A. Battaglia and W. Mell}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2016.12.002}, + journal = {Forest Ecology and Management}, + volume = {386}, + year = {2017}, } @article{Ziegler:Data2019, - author = {J.P. Ziegler and C.M. Hoffman and M.A. Battaglia and W. Mell}, - title = {{Stem-Maps of Forest Restoration Cuttings in {\em Pinus ponderosa}-Dominated Forests in the Interior West, USA}}, - volume = {4}, - number = {68}, - journal = {Data}, - year = {2019}, - doi = {10.3390/data4020068} -} - -@INPROCEEDINGS{setcom_cfd, - author = {M{\"u}ller, H. and Lehmkuhl, J. and Hundhausen, A. and Belt, A. and Allelein, H.-J.}, - title = {{Development of a wall condensation model for coarse mesh containment scale applications}}, - booktitle = {CFD for Nuclear Reactor Safety Applications (CFD4NRS-6)}, - year = {2016}, - address = {cambridge, Massachusetts} -} - -@TECHREPORT{NIST_SDG, - author = {Mencsh, A. and Cleary, T.}, - title = {{A Soot Deposition Gauge for Fire Measurements}}, - institution = {{National Institute of Standards and Technology}}, - address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, - type = {{NIST Technical Note}}, - number = {1985}, - month = {March}, - year = {2018}, - doi = {10.6028/NIST.TN.1985} -} - -@ARTICLE{Tihay:CF2014, - author = {V. Tihay and F. Morandini and P. Santoni and Y. Perez-Ramirez and T. Barboni}, - title = {{Combustion of forest litters under slope conditions: Burning rate, heat release rate, convective and radiant fractions for different loads}}, - journal = {Combustion and Flame}, - volume = {161}, - pages = {3237-3248}, - year = {2014} -} - -@TECHREPORT{Hodges:FRA22, - author = {J.L. Hodges and M. DiDomizio and A. Kapahi and B.Y. Lattimer}, - title = {{Validation of Scaling Laws for Fully-Developed Passenger Rail Car Fires}}, - institution = {{Federal Railroad Administration, U.S.~Department of Transportation}}, - address = {Washington, DC}, - type = {{Report Number: DOT/FRA/ORD-22/23}}, - month = {June}, - year = {2022}, - url = {https://railroads.dot.gov/elibrary/validation-scaling-laws-fully-developed-passenger-rail-car-fires} -} - -@TECHREPORT{Yang:FRA20, - author = {F. Yang and J.L. Hodges and C. Rippe and S. Kraft and B.Y. Lattimer}, - title = {{Predicting Fully-Developed Passenger Rail Car Fire Heat Release Rate}}, - institution = {{Federal Railroad Administration, U.S.~Department of Transportation}}, - address = {Washington, DC}, - type = {{Report Number: DOT/FRA/ORD-20/32}}, - month = {August}, - year = {2020}, - url = {https://railroads.dot.gov/elibrary/predicting-fully-developed-passenger-rail-car-fire-heat-release-rate} -} - -@TECHREPORT{Luo:FRA2019, - author = {C. Luo and S. Kraft and M. DiDomizio and M. McKinnon and J.L. Hodges and S. Yazdani and B.Y. Lattimer}, - title = {{Heat Release Rate Requirements for Railcar Interior Finish}}, - institution = {{Federal Railroad Administration, U.S.~Department of Transportation}}, - address = {Washington, DC}, - type = {{Report Number: DOT/FRA/ORD-19/39}}, - month = {December}, - year = {2019}, - url = {https://railroads.dot.gov/elibrary/heat-release-rate-requirements-railcar-interior-finish} -} - -@TECHREPORT{Lattimer:NIJ19, - author = {B.Y. Lattimer}, - title = {{Determination of Material Property Input Data for Fire Modeling}}, - institution = {{U.S.~Department of Justice}}, - address = {Washington, DC}, - type = {{DOJ-255666}}, - month = {November}, - year = {2020}, - url = {https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/255666.pdf} -} - -@ARTICLE{Boonmee:2005, - author = {N. Boonmee and J.G. Quintiere}, - title = {{Glowing ignition of wood: the onset of surface combustion}}, - journal = {Proceedings of the Combustion Institute}, - year = {2005}, - volume = {30}, - pages = {2303-2310} -} - -@MISC{gri3:1999, - author = {G. P. Smith and D. M. Golden and M. Frenklach and N. W. Moriarty and B. Eiteneer and M. Goldenberg and C. T. Bowman and R. K. Hanson and S. Song and W. C. Gardiner Jr. and V. V. Lissianski and Z. Qin}, - title = {GRI-Mech 3.0}, - howpublished = {\url{http://www.me.berkeley.edu/gri_mech/}}, - year = {1999} -} - - -@MISC{cvodeDoc:2024, - author = {A. C. Hindmarsh and R. Serban and C. J. Balos and D. J. Gardner and D. R. Reynolds and C. S. Woodward}, - title = {User Documentation for CVODE}, - howpublished = {\url{https://sundials.readthedocs.io/en/latest/cvode/index.html}}, - year = {2023}, - note = {v6.7.0} -} - -@MISC{cantera:2023, - author = "D. G. Goodwin and H. K. Moffat and I. Schoegl and R. L. Speth and B. W. Weber", - title = "Cantera: An Object-oriented Software Toolkit for Chemical Kinetics, Thermodynamics, and Transport Processes", - year = 2023, - note = "Version 3.0.0", - doi = {10.5281/zenodo.8137090} -} - -@TECHREPORT{chemkin:2000, - author = {R. J. Kee and F. M. Rupley and J. A. Miller and M. E. Coltrin and J. F. Grcar and E. Meeks and H. K. Moffat and A. E. Lutz and G. DixonLewis and M. D. Smooke and J. Warnatz and G. H. Evans and R. S. Larson and R. E. Mitchell and L. R. Petzold and W. C. Reynolds and M. Caracotsios and W. E. Stewart and P. Glarborg and C. Wang and O. Adigun}, - title = {{CHEMKIN Collection Release 3.6, The Chemkin Thermodynamic Database}}, - institution = {Reaction Design, Inc., San Diego, CA}, - year = {2000} + title = {{Stem-Maps of Forest Restoration Cuttings in {\em Pinus ponderosa}-Dominated Forests in the Interior West, USA}}, + author = {J.P. Ziegler and C.M. Hoffman and M.A. Battaglia and W. Mell}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.3390/data4020068}, + journal = {Data}, + number = {68}, + volume = {4}, + year = {2019}, +} + +@inproceedings{setcom_cfd, + title = {{Development of a wall condensation model for coarse mesh containment scale applications}}, + author = {M{\"u}ller, H. and Lehmkuhl, J. and Hundhausen, A. and Belt, A. and Allelein, H.-J.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {cambridge, Massachusetts}, + booktitle = {CFD for Nuclear Reactor Safety Applications (CFD4NRS-6)}, + year = {2016}, +} + +@techreport{NIST_SDG, + title = {{A Soot Deposition Gauge for Fire Measurements}}, + author = {Mencsh, A. and Cleary, T.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland}, + doi = {10.6028/NIST.TN.1985}, + institution = {{National Institute of Standards and Technology}}, + month = {March}, + number = {1985}, + type = {{NIST Technical Note}}, + year = {2018}, +} + +@article{Tihay:CF2014, + title = {{Combustion of forest litters under slope conditions: Burning rate, heat release rate, convective and radiant fractions for different loads}}, + author = {V. 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Fureby}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + doi = {10.1016/j.combustflame.2016.12.007}, + issn = {0010-2180}, + journal = {Combustion and Flame}, + pages = {1-22}, + volume = {179}, + year = {2017}, +} + +@inproceedings{Tao:2007, + title = {Revisit of Diesel Reference Fuel (n-Heptane) Mechanism Applied to Multidimensional Diesel Ignition and Combustion Simulations}, + author = {Tao, Feng and Reitz, Rolf and Foster, D.}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + booktitle = {Seventeenth International Multidimensional Engine Modeling User's Group Meeting at the SAE Congress, April 15, 2007, Detroit, Michigan}, + year = {2007}, +} + +@misc{chemeo, + title = {{Chem{\'e}o, Chemical Properties Database, Chemical Properties of Methyl methacrylate (CAS 80-62-6)}}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + note = {Accessed: August 30, 2024}, + url = {https://www.chemeo.com/cid/57-301-4/Methyl-methacrylate}, +} + +@phdthesis{Wasson2014:Thesis, + title = {{Separation of the Heat Transfer Components from Diffusion Flames Impinging onto Ceilings}}, + author = {Wasson, Rachel}, + BTACqueried = {2025-12-31}, + keywords = {coefficient,fire impingement,fire plume,flames impinging onto ceilings,gas temperature,hybrid heat flux gauge,irradiation,of convective heat transfer,separation of the heat,transfer components from diffusion}, + school = {Virginia Tech}, + year = {2014}, }