diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index d3c7b93b6..e7f4b9287 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -1160,6 +1160,7 @@ name = "ceno_recursion"
 version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
  "bincode 1.3.3",
+ "bitcode",
  "ceno-examples",
  "ceno_emul",
  "ceno_host",
@@ -3681,7 +3682,7 @@ version = "0.7.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "77e878c846a8abae00dd069496dbe8751b16ac1c3d6bd2a7283a938e8228f90d"
 dependencies = [
- "proc-macro-crate 1.3.1",
+ "proc-macro-crate 3.4.0",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
  "syn 2.0.101",
@@ -3752,7 +3753,6 @@ checksum = "c08d65885ee38876c4f86fa503fb49d7b507c2b62552df7c70b2fce627e06381"
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#097e353b718628c7256cc1cac4b7a07101e7c887"
 dependencies = [
  "bytemuck",
  "num-bigint 0.4.6",
@@ -3765,7 +3765,6 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#097e353b718628c7256cc1cac4b7a07101e7c887"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -3794,7 +3793,6 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-complex-macros"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#097e353b718628c7256cc1cac4b7a07101e7c887"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-macros-common",
  "quote",
@@ -3804,7 +3802,6 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#097e353b718628c7256cc1cac4b7a07101e7c887"
 dependencies = [
  "halo2curves-axiom",
  "num-bigint 0.4.6",
@@ -3820,7 +3817,6 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-moduli-macros"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#097e353b718628c7256cc1cac4b7a07101e7c887"
 dependencies = [
  "num-bigint 0.4.6",
  "num-prime",
@@ -3832,7 +3828,6 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-algebra-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#097e353b718628c7256cc1cac4b7a07101e7c887"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-algebra-guest",
  "openvm-instructions",
@@ -3846,7 +3841,6 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-bigint-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#097e353b718628c7256cc1cac4b7a07101e7c887"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -3869,7 +3863,6 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-bigint-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#097e353b718628c7256cc1cac4b7a07101e7c887"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-platform",
  "strum_macros",
@@ -3878,7 +3871,6 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-bigint-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#097e353b718628c7256cc1cac4b7a07101e7c887"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-bigint-guest",
  "openvm-instructions",
@@ -3893,7 +3885,6 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-build"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#097e353b718628c7256cc1cac4b7a07101e7c887"
 dependencies = [
  "cargo_metadata 0.18.1",
  "eyre",
@@ -3905,7 +3896,6 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#097e353b718628c7256cc1cac4b7a07101e7c887"
 dependencies = [
  "backtrace",
  "cfg-if",
@@ -3944,7 +3934,6 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-circuit-derive"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#097e353b718628c7256cc1cac4b7a07101e7c887"
 dependencies = [
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "proc-macro2",
@@ -3955,7 +3944,6 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-circuit-primitives"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#097e353b718628c7256cc1cac4b7a07101e7c887"
 dependencies = [
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
@@ -3973,7 +3961,6 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-circuit-primitives-derive"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#097e353b718628c7256cc1cac4b7a07101e7c887"
 dependencies = [
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "quote",
@@ -3983,7 +3970,6 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-continuations"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#097e353b718628c7256cc1cac4b7a07101e7c887"
 dependencies = [
  "derivative",
  "openvm-circuit",
@@ -4053,7 +4039,6 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-custom-insn"
 version = "0.1.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#097e353b718628c7256cc1cac4b7a07101e7c887"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -4063,7 +4048,6 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-ecc-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#097e353b718628c7256cc1cac4b7a07101e7c887"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4092,7 +4076,6 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-ecc-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#097e353b718628c7256cc1cac4b7a07101e7c887"
 dependencies = [
  "ecdsa 0.16.9 (registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index)",
  "elliptic-curve",
@@ -4111,7 +4094,6 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-ecc-sw-macros"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#097e353b718628c7256cc1cac4b7a07101e7c887"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-macros-common",
  "quote",
@@ -4121,7 +4103,6 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-ecc-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#097e353b718628c7256cc1cac4b7a07101e7c887"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-ecc-guest",
  "openvm-instructions",
@@ -4135,7 +4116,6 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-instructions"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#097e353b718628c7256cc1cac4b7a07101e7c887"
 dependencies = [
  "backtrace",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4152,7 +4132,6 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-instructions-derive"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#097e353b718628c7256cc1cac4b7a07101e7c887"
 dependencies = [
  "quote",
  "syn 2.0.101",
@@ -4161,7 +4140,6 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-keccak256-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#097e353b718628c7256cc1cac4b7a07101e7c887"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4186,7 +4164,6 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-keccak256-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#097e353b718628c7256cc1cac4b7a07101e7c887"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-platform",
 ]
@@ -4194,7 +4171,6 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-keccak256-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#097e353b718628c7256cc1cac4b7a07101e7c887"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-instructions-derive",
@@ -4208,7 +4184,6 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-macros-common"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#097e353b718628c7256cc1cac4b7a07101e7c887"
 dependencies = [
  "syn 2.0.101",
 ]
@@ -4216,7 +4191,6 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-mod-circuit-builder"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#097e353b718628c7256cc1cac4b7a07101e7c887"
 dependencies = [
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "num-bigint 0.4.6",
@@ -4234,7 +4208,6 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#097e353b718628c7256cc1cac4b7a07101e7c887"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4265,7 +4238,6 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-compiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#097e353b718628c7256cc1cac4b7a07101e7c887"
 dependencies = [
  "backtrace",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
@@ -4287,7 +4259,6 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-compiler-derive"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#097e353b718628c7256cc1cac4b7a07101e7c887"
 dependencies = [
  "quote",
  "syn 2.0.101",
@@ -4296,7 +4267,6 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-recursion"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#097e353b718628c7256cc1cac4b7a07101e7c887"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
@@ -4320,7 +4290,6 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-native-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#097e353b718628c7256cc1cac4b7a07101e7c887"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-transpiler",
@@ -4330,7 +4299,6 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-pairing-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#097e353b718628c7256cc1cac4b7a07101e7c887"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4359,7 +4327,6 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-pairing-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#097e353b718628c7256cc1cac4b7a07101e7c887"
 dependencies = [
  "halo2curves-axiom",
  "hex-literal",
@@ -4380,7 +4347,6 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-pairing-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#097e353b718628c7256cc1cac4b7a07101e7c887"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-pairing-guest",
@@ -4393,7 +4359,6 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-platform"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#097e353b718628c7256cc1cac4b7a07101e7c887"
 dependencies = [
  "libm",
  "openvm-custom-insn",
@@ -4403,7 +4368,6 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-poseidon2-air"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#097e353b718628c7256cc1cac4b7a07101e7c887"
 dependencies = [
  "derivative",
  "lazy_static",
@@ -4421,7 +4385,6 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-rv32-adapters"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#097e353b718628c7256cc1cac4b7a07101e7c887"
 dependencies = [
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
@@ -4438,7 +4401,6 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-rv32im-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#097e353b718628c7256cc1cac4b7a07101e7c887"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4461,7 +4423,6 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-rv32im-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#097e353b718628c7256cc1cac4b7a07101e7c887"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-custom-insn",
  "p3-field",
@@ -4471,7 +4432,6 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-rv32im-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#097e353b718628c7256cc1cac4b7a07101e7c887"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-instructions-derive",
@@ -4487,7 +4447,6 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sdk"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#097e353b718628c7256cc1cac4b7a07101e7c887"
 dependencies = [
  "bitcode",
  "bon",
@@ -4541,7 +4500,6 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sha256-air"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#097e353b718628c7256cc1cac4b7a07101e7c887"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-circuit-primitives",
  "openvm-stark-backend",
@@ -4552,7 +4510,6 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sha256-circuit"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#097e353b718628c7256cc1cac4b7a07101e7c887"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "derive-new 0.6.0",
@@ -4575,7 +4532,6 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sha256-guest"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#097e353b718628c7256cc1cac4b7a07101e7c887"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-platform",
 ]
@@ -4583,7 +4539,6 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-sha256-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#097e353b718628c7256cc1cac4b7a07101e7c887"
 dependencies = [
  "openvm-instructions",
  "openvm-instructions-derive",
@@ -4662,7 +4617,6 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "openvm-transpiler"
 version = "1.4.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git?branch=feat%2Fv1.4.1-scroll-ext#097e353b718628c7256cc1cac4b7a07101e7c887"
 dependencies = [
  "elf",
  "eyre",
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 0e4fd9890..5d568f4a7 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -88,18 +88,28 @@ uint = "0.8"
 ceno_gpu = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/ceno-gpu-mock.git", package = "cuda_hal", branch = "main", default-features = false, features = ["bb31"] }
 cudarc = { version = "0.17.3", features = ["driver", "cuda-version-from-build-system"] }
 
+openvm = { path = "../openvm-scroll-tech/crates/toolchain/openvm", default-features = false }
+openvm-circuit = { path = "../openvm-scroll-tech/crates/vm", default-features = false }
+openvm-continuations = { path = "../openvm-scroll-tech/crates/continuations", default-features = false }
+openvm-instructions = { path = "../openvm-scroll-tech/crates/toolchain/instructions", default-features = false }
+openvm-native-circuit = { path = "../openvm-scroll-tech/extensions/native/circuit", default-features = false }
+openvm-native-compiler = { path = "../openvm-scroll-tech/extensions/native/compiler", default-features = false }
+openvm-native-compiler-derive = { path = "../openvm-scroll-tech/extensions/native/compiler/derive", default-features = false }
+openvm-native-recursion = { path = "../openvm-scroll-tech/extensions/native/recursion", default-features = false }
+openvm-rv32im-circuit = { path = "../openvm-scroll-tech/extensions/rv32im/circuit", default-features = false }
+openvm-sdk = { path = "../openvm-scroll-tech/crates/sdk", default-features = false }
 # ceno-recursion dependencies
-openvm = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", branch = "feat/v1.4.1-scroll-ext", default-features = false }
-openvm-circuit = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", branch = "feat/v1.4.1-scroll-ext", default-features = false }
-openvm-continuations = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", branch = "feat/v1.4.1-scroll-ext", default-features = false }
-openvm-instructions = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", branch = "feat/v1.4.1-scroll-ext", default-features = false }
-openvm-native-circuit = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", branch = "feat/v1.4.1-scroll-ext", default-features = false }
-openvm-native-compiler = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", branch = "feat/v1.4.1-scroll-ext", default-features = false }
-openvm-native-compiler-derive = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", branch = "feat/v1.4.1-scroll-ext", default-features = false }
-openvm-native-recursion = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", branch = "feat/v1.4.1-scroll-ext", default-features = false }
-openvm-rv32im-circuit = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", branch = "feat/v1.4.1-scroll-ext", default-features = false }
-openvm-sdk = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", branch = "feat/v1.4.1-scroll-ext", default-features = false }
-
+# openvm = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", branch = "feat/v1.4.1-scroll-ext", default-features = false }
+# openvm-circuit = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", branch = "feat/v1.4.1-scroll-ext", default-features = false }
+# openvm-continuations = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", branch = "feat/v1.4.1-scroll-ext", default-features = false }
+# openvm-instructions = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", branch = "feat/v1.4.1-scroll-ext", default-features = false }
+# openvm-native-circuit = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", branch = "feat/v1.4.1-scroll-ext", default-features = false }
+# openvm-native-compiler = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", branch = "feat/v1.4.1-scroll-ext", default-features = false }
+# openvm-native-compiler-derive = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", branch = "feat/v1.4.1-scroll-ext", default-features = false }
+# openvm-native-recursion = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", branch = "feat/v1.4.1-scroll-ext", default-features = false }
+# openvm-rv32im-circuit = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", branch = "feat/v1.4.1-scroll-ext", default-features = false }
+# openvm-sdk = { git = "https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git", branch = "feat/v1.4.1-scroll-ext", default-features = false }
+# 
 openvm-cuda-backend = { git = "https://github.com/openvm-org/stark-backend.git", tag = "v1.2.1", default-features = false }
 openvm-stark-backend = { git = "https://github.com/openvm-org/stark-backend.git", tag = "v1.2.1", default-features = false }
 openvm-stark-sdk = { git = "https://github.com/openvm-org/stark-backend.git", tag = "v1.2.1", default-features = false }
@@ -139,14 +149,3 @@ lto = "thin"
 #whir = { path = "../gkr-backend/crates/whir", package = "whir" }
 #witness = { path = "../gkr-backend/crates/witness", package = "witness" }
 
-# [patch."https://github.com/scroll-tech/openvm.git"]
-# openvm = { path = "../openvm-scroll-tech/crates/toolchain/openvm", default-features = false }
-# openvm-circuit = { path = "../openvm-scroll-tech/crates/vm", default-features = false }
-# openvm-continuations = { path = "../openvm-scroll-tech/crates/continuations", default-features = false }
-# openvm-instructions = { path = "../openvm-scroll-tech/crates/toolchain/instructions", default-features = false }
-# openvm-native-circuit = { path = "../openvm-scroll-tech/extensions/native/circuit", default-features = false }
-# openvm-native-compiler = { path = "../openvm-scroll-tech/extensions/native/compiler", default-features = false }
-# openvm-native-compiler-derive = { path = "../openvm-scroll-tech/extensions/native/compiler/derive", default-features = false }
-# openvm-native-recursion = { path = "../openvm-scroll-tech/extensions/native/recursion", default-features = false }
-# openvm-rv32im-circuit = { path = "../openvm-scroll-tech/extensions/rv32im/circuit", default-features = false }
-# openvm-sdk = { path = "../openvm-scroll-tech/crates/sdk", default-features = false }
diff --git a/ceno_recursion/Cargo.toml b/ceno_recursion/Cargo.toml
index 3b978aa56..c1ddc9df1 100644
--- a/ceno_recursion/Cargo.toml
+++ b/ceno_recursion/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ repository.workspace = true
 version.workspace = true
 
 [dependencies]
+bitcode = { version = "0.6.5", default-features = false, features = ["serde"] }
 bincode.workspace = true
 ceno-examples = { path = "../examples-builder" }
 ceno_emul = { path = "../ceno_emul" }
@@ -53,7 +54,7 @@ path = "src/bin/e2e_aggregate.rs"
 
 [features]
 bench-metrics = ["openvm-circuit/metrics"]
-default = ["parallel", "nightly-features"]
+default = ["parallel", "nightly-features", "openvm-circuit/perf-metrics"]
 gpu = ["openvm-circuit/cuda", "openvm-native-circuit/cuda", "dep:openvm-cuda-backend"]
 nightly-features = [
   "ceno_zkvm/nightly-features",
diff --git a/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs b/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs
index 27d6288c0..c3a86ef95 100644
--- a/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs
+++ b/ceno_recursion/src/aggregation/mod.rs
@@ -256,7 +256,13 @@ impl CenoAggregationProver {
         let zkvm_proof_inputs: Vec<ZKVMProofInput> = base_proofs
             .into_iter()
             .enumerate()
-            .map(|(shard_id, p)| ZKVMProofInput::from((shard_id, p)))
+            .map(|(shard_id, p)| {
+                println!(
+                    "leaf input {shard_id} has {} bytes",
+                    bincode::serialized_size(&p).unwrap()
+                );
+                ZKVMProofInput::from((shard_id, p))
+            })
             .collect();
         let user_public_values: Vec<F> = zkvm_proof_inputs
             .iter()
@@ -289,6 +295,7 @@ impl CenoAggregationProver {
                 // File::create(format!("leaf_proof_{:?}.bin", proof_idx)).expect("Create export proof file");
                 // bincode::serialize_into(file, &leaf_proof).expect("failed to serialize leaf proof");
 
+                let leaf_proof_size = bincode::serialized_size(&leaf_proof).unwrap();
                 println!(
                     "Aggregation - Completed leaf proof (idx: {:?}) at: {:?}, public values: {:?}",
                     proof_idx,
@@ -312,10 +319,17 @@ impl CenoAggregationProver {
         // We will always generate at least one internal proof, even if there is only one leaf
         // proof, in order to shrink the proof size
         while proofs.len() > 1 || internal_node_height == 0 {
+            for (i, proof) in proofs.iter().enumerate() {
+                println!(
+                    "Internal aggregation layer {:?} node {i} has proof size: {:?} bytes",
+                    internal_node_height,
+                    bincode::serialized_size(proof).unwrap()
+                );
+            }
             let internal_inputs = InternalVmVerifierInput::chunk_leaf_or_internal_proofs(
                 (*self.internal_prover.program_commitment()).into(),
                 &proofs,
-                DEFAULT_NUM_CHILDREN_INTERNAL,
+                2,
             );
 
             let layer_proofs: Vec<Proof<_>> = internal_inputs
@@ -720,16 +734,16 @@ mod tests {
     pub fn aggregation_inner_thread() {
         setup_tracing_with_log_level(tracing::Level::WARN);
 
-        let proof_path = "./src/imported/proof.bin";
-        let vk_path = "./src/imported/vk.bin";
+        let proof_path = "./src/imported/app_proof.bitcode";
+        let vk_path = "./src/imported/app_vk.bitcode";
 
+        let proof_bytes = std::fs::read(proof_path).unwrap();
+        let vk_bytes = std::fs::read(vk_path).unwrap();
         let zkvm_proofs: Vec<ZKVMProof<E, Basefold<E, BasefoldRSParams>>> =
-            bincode::deserialize_from(File::open(proof_path).expect("Failed to open proof file"))
-                .expect("Failed to deserialize proof file");
+            bitcode::deserialize(&proof_bytes).expect("Failed to deserialize proof file");
 
         let vk: ZKVMVerifyingKey<E, Basefold<E, BasefoldRSParams>> =
-            bincode::deserialize_from(File::open(vk_path).expect("Failed to open vk file"))
-                .expect("Failed to deserialize vk file");
+            bitcode::deserialize(&vk_bytes).expect("Failed to deserialize vk file");
 
         let mut agg_prover = CenoAggregationProver::from_base_vk(vk);
         let root_stark_proof = agg_prover.generate_root_proof(zkvm_proofs);
diff --git a/ceno_recursion/src/imported/app_proof.bitcode b/ceno_recursion/src/imported/app_proof.bitcode
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4993e3b89
Binary files /dev/null and b/ceno_recursion/src/imported/app_proof.bitcode differ
diff --git a/ceno_recursion/src/imported/app_vk.bitcode b/ceno_recursion/src/imported/app_vk.bitcode
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6ce68c86d
Binary files /dev/null and b/ceno_recursion/src/imported/app_vk.bitcode differ