Improve renderer DOM manipulation stability

[seer-by-sentry]

Fixes ECENCY-NEXT-1064. The issue was that: Unsafe DOM manipulation in post enhancement utilities causes TypeError: b is null when target element is detached.

• Added try...catch blocks to all content enhancer functions for graceful error handling. - Introduced checks for element connectivity (el.isConnected) before performing DOM manipulations. - Added checks for parent element existence (el.parentElement) before replaceChild operations. - Enhanced overall stability and error handling during content rendering.

This fix was generated by Seer in Sentry, triggered automatically. 👁️ Run ID: 483092

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