Fix JSON serialization of TimedeltaIndex labels (GH#63236)

pandas/io/json/_json.py

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
     Literal,
     Self,
     TypeVar,
+    cast,
     final,
     overload,
 )
@@ -38,10 +39,12 @@
 from pandas.core.dtypes.common import (
     ensure_str,
     is_string_dtype,
+    is_timedelta64_dtype,
     pandas_dtype,
 )
 from pandas.core.dtypes.dtypes import PeriodDtype
 
+import pandas as pd
 from pandas import (
     ArrowDtype,
     DataFrame,
@@ -71,6 +74,7 @@
 )
 from pandas.io.parsers.readers import validate_integer
 
+DateUnit = Literal["s", "ms", "us", "ns"]
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from collections.abc import (
         Callable,
@@ -222,6 +226,47 @@ def to_json(
     return None
 
 
+def _format_timedelta_labels(index, date_format: str, date_unit: str | None):
+    """
+    Format TimedeltaIndex labels for JSON serialization.
+
+    Rules:
+    - Timedelta values → ISO 8601 (iso) or integer (epoch)
+    - NaT MUST stay missing so JSON encodes it as null
+    """
+
+    # Fast-path: empty index
+    if len(index) == 0:
+        return index
+
+    values = index._values  # ndarray[td64]
+    result: list[object] = []
+
+    if date_format == "iso":
+        for val in values:
+            if isna(val):
+                # critical: preserve missing → JSON null
+                result.append("null")
+            else:
+                td = pd.Timedelta(val)
+                result.append(td.isoformat())
+
+    else:  # epoch
+        if date_unit is None:
+            unit: DateUnit = "ms"
+        else:
+            unit = cast(DateUnit, date_unit)
+
+        for val in values:
+            if isna(val):
+                result.append("null")
+            else:
+                td = pd.Timedelta(val).as_unit(unit)
+                result.append(int(td._value))
+
+    return Index(result, dtype=object)
+
+
 class Writer(ABC):
     _default_orient: str
 
@@ -287,6 +332,12 @@ def obj_to_write(self) -> NDFrame | Mapping[IndexLabel, Any]:
     def _format_axes(self) -> None:
         if not self.obj.index.is_unique and self.orient == "index":
             raise ValueError(f"Series index must be unique for orient='{self.orient}'")
+        # FIX:GH#63236 format TimedeltaIndex labels correctly before ujson_dumps
+        if is_timedelta64_dtype(self.obj.index.dtype):
+            self.obj = self.obj.copy(deep=False)
+            self.obj.index = _format_timedelta_labels(
+                self.obj.index, self.date_format, self.date_unit
+            )
 
 
 class FrameWriter(Writer):
@@ -317,6 +368,29 @@ def _format_axes(self) -> None:
             raise ValueError(
                 f"DataFrame columns must be unique for orient='{self.orient}'."
             )
+        # FIX:GH#63236 format Timedelta labels (Index and Columns) correctly
+        if (
+            not isinstance(self.obj.index, MultiIndex)
+            and is_timedelta64_dtype(self.obj.index.dtype)
+        ) or (
+            not isinstance(self.obj.columns, MultiIndex)
+            and is_timedelta64_dtype(self.obj.columns.dtype)
+        ):
+            self.obj = self.obj.copy(deep=False)
+
+            if not isinstance(self.obj.index, MultiIndex) and is_timedelta64_dtype(
+                self.obj.index.dtype
+            ):
+                self.obj.index = _format_timedelta_labels(
+                    self.obj.index, self.date_format, self.date_unit
+                )
+
+            if not isinstance(self.obj.columns, MultiIndex) and is_timedelta64_dtype(
+                self.obj.columns.dtype
+            ):
+                self.obj.columns = _format_timedelta_labels(
+                    self.obj.columns, self.date_format, self.date_unit
+                )
 
 
 class JSONTableWriter(FrameWriter):

pandas/tests/io/json/test_pandas.py

@@ -1794,9 +1794,9 @@ def test_read_json_with_very_long_file_path(self, compression):
         "date_format,key", [("epoch", 86400000), ("iso", "P1DT0H0M0S")]
     )
     def test_timedelta_as_label(self, date_format, key, unit, request):
-        if unit != "ns":
-            mark = pytest.mark.xfail(reason="GH#63236 failure to round-trip")
-            request.applymarker(mark)
+        # if unit != "ns":
+        #     mark = pytest.mark.xfail(reason="GH#63236 failure to round-trip")
+        #     request.applymarker(mark)
         df = DataFrame([[1]], columns=[pd.Timedelta("1D").as_unit(unit)])
         expected = f'{{"{key}":{{"0":1}}}}'