soc · marcelhas · Jun 10, 2022 · Jun 11, 2022 · Jun 11, 2022 · Jun 11, 2022
diff --git a/_config.yml b/_config.yml
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ email: simon@ochsenreither.de
 description: >
 baseurl: "" # the subpath of your site, e.g. /blog
 url: "" # the base hostname & protocol for your site
-twitter_username: oxnrtr
 github_username:  soc
 plugins:
   - jekyll-redirect-from
@@ -28,18 +27,22 @@ collections:
     output: true
     name: "Standards"
     published: true
-  hardware:
-    output: true
-    name: "Hardware"
-    published: true
   languages:
     output: true
     name: "Languages"
     published: true
+  runtimes:
+    output: true
+    name: "Runtimes"
+    published: true
   interfaces:
     output: true
     name: "Interfaces"
     published: true
+  hardware:
+    output: true
+    name: "Hardware"
+    published: true
   scala:
     output: true
     name: "Scala"
@@ -56,19 +59,24 @@ defaults:
       layout: post
   -
     scope:
-      type: hardware
+      type: languages
     values:
       layout: post
   -
     scope:
-      type: languages
+      type: runtimes
     values:
       layout: post
   -
     scope:
       type: interfaces
     values:
       layout: post
+  -
+    scope:
+      type: hardware
+    values:
+      layout: post
   -
     scope:
       type: scala

diff --git a/_drafts/the-cost-of-everything.md b/_drafts/the-cost-of-everything.md
diff --git a/_includes/pagination.html b/_includes/pagination.html
@@ -9,21 +9,21 @@
   {% assign previous_url = page.previous.url %}
   {% assign previous_title = page.previous.title %}
   <div class="left">
-    <a class="pagination-item" href="{{ previous_url }}">{{ previous_title }}</a>
+    <a class="pagination-item" href="{{ previous_url }}">{{ previous_title | remove_first: "Language Design: " }}</a>
   </div>
 {% endif %}{% endif %}
 
 {% if page.page_next_url %}
   {% assign next_url = page.page_next_url %}
   {% assign next_title = page.page_next_title %}
   <div class="right">
-    <a class="pagination-item" href="{{ next_url }}">{{ next_title  | remove_first: "Language Design: " }}</a>
+    <a class="pagination-item" href="{{ next_url }}">{{ next_title | remove_first: "Language Design: " }}</a>
   </div>
 {% else %}{% if page.next %}
   {% assign next_url = page.next.url %}
   {% assign next_title = page.next.title %}
   <div class="right">
-    <a class="pagination-item" href="{{ next_url }}">{{ next_title }}</a>
+    <a class="pagination-item" href="{{ next_url }}">{{ next_title | remove_first: "Language Design: " }}</a>
   </div>
 {% endif %}{% endif %}
 </nav>
diff --git a/_interfaces/x86-prefixes-and-escape-opcodes-flowchart.md b/_interfaces/x86-prefixes-and-escape-opcodes-flowchart.md
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+---
+title:  "x86 prefixes and escape opcodes flowchart"
+date:   2023-07-29
+updated: 2023-09-24
+markdeep: true
+---
+
+<div class="diagram">
+ start here
+      |
+      v
+╔═══════════════════════════════════════════════╤══╗             ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
+║ 1-byte instructions (legacy map 0)            │0F------------->║ 2-byte instructions (legacy map 1)               ║
+║                                               └──╢             ║                                                  ║
+╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────╢     .------>║ operand type specified      ┌──┐   ┌──┐          ║
+║                         40-4F                    ║     |       ║ via mandatory prefixes      │38│   │3A--------------.
+╟───────────────────────────|──────────────────────╢     |  .--->║ - none (packed single)      └─|┘   └──┘          ║  |
+║      ┌──┐       ┌──┬──┐   |                      ║     |  |    ║ - 66   (packed double)        |                  ║  |
+║    .--62│       │66│67│   |                      ║     |  |    ║ - F2   (scalar single)        |                  ║  |
+║    | └──┘       └─|┴─|┘   |                      ║     |  |    ║ - F3   (scalar double)        |                  ║  |
+║    |              |  |    |     ┌──┬──┐          ║     |  |    ╚═══════════════════════════════|══════════════════╝  |
+║    |              |  |    |     │C4│C5-----.     ║     |  |                                    v                     |
+║    |              |  |    |     └|─┼──┤    |     ║     |  |    ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════╗  |
+╟──┐ | ┌──┬──┐      |  |    |      | │D5│    |     ║     |  +--->║ 3-byte instructions (legacy map 2)               ║  |
+║F0│ | │F2│F3│      |  |    |      | └─|┘    |     ║     |  |    ║                                                  ║  |
+╚══╧═|═╧═|╧═|╧══════|══|════|══════|═══|═════|═════╝     |  |    ║ operand type specified                           ║  |
+     |   |  |   ^   |  |    | ^    |   | ^   |           |  |    ║ via mandatory prefixes                           ║  |
+     |   |  |   |   |  |    | |    |   | +---|-----------+  |    ║ - none (packed single)                           ║  |
+     v   '--+---+---+--'    v |    v   v |   v   m bit   |  |    ║ - 66   (packed double)                           ║  |
+  ┏━━━━┓        |         ┏━━━|┓┏━━━━┓┏━━|━┓┏━━━━┓       |  |    ║ - F2   (scalar single)                           ║  |
+  ┃EVEX┃        |         ┃REX1┃┃VEX3┃┃REX2┃┃VEX2┃-------'  |    ║ - F3   (scalar double)                           ║  |
+  ┗━━|━┛        |         ┗━━━━┛┗━━|━┛┗━━━━┛┗━━━━┛          |    ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════╝  |
+     |          |                  |                        |                                                          |
+     '----------+------------------+------------------------+    ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════╗  |
+                       m bits                               '--->║ 3-byte instructions (legacy map 3)               ║<-+
+                                                                 ║                                                  ║
+                                                                 ║ operand type specified                           ║
+                                                                 ║ via mandatory prefixes                           ║
+                                                                 ║ - none (packed single)                           ║
+                                                                 ║ - 66   (packed double)                           ║
+                                                                 ║ - F2   (scalar single)                           ║
+                                                                 ║ - F3   (scalar double)                           ║
+                                                                 ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════╝
+</div>
+
+<div class="diagram">
+┏━┯━┯━┯━┯━┯━┯━┯━┓                                                    ┏━┯━┯━┯━┯━┯━┯━┯━┳━┯━┯━┯━┯━┯━┯━┯━┓
+┃0 1 0 0 W R X B┃                                                    ┃1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1┃M R X B W R X B┃
+┗━┷━┷━┷━┷━┷━┷━┷━┛                                                    ┗━┷━┷━┷━┷━┷━┷━┷━┻━┷━┷━┷━┷━┷━┷━┷━┛
+REX (1-byte prefix)                       AMD64 (1999/2003)          REX (2-byte prefix)                APX (2023/????)
+- W extends operand size                                             - M selects legacy map 0 or legacy map 1
+- R extends register bits                                            - R extends register bits
+- X extends index in SIB byte                                        - X extends index in SIB byte
+- B extends base in SIB byte                                         - B extends base in SIB byte
+                                                                     - W extends operand size
+
+
+┏━┯━┯━┯━┯━┯━┯━┯━┳━┯━┯━┯━┯━┯━┯━┯━┓                                    ┏━┯━┯━┯━┯━┯━┯━┯━┳━┯━┯━┯━┯━┯━┯━┯━┳━┯━┯━┯━┯━┯━┯━┯━┓
+┃1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1┃Ṙ ⩒ ⩒ ⩒ ⩒ L p p┃                                    ┃1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0┃Ṙ Ẋ Ḃ m m m m m┃W ⩒ ⩒ ⩒ ⩒ L p p┃
+┗━┷━┷━┷━┷━┷━┷━┷━┻━┷━┷━┷━┷━┷━┷━┷━┛                                    ┗━┷━┷━┷━┷━┷━┷━┷━┻━┷━┷━┷━┷━┷━┷━┷━┻━┷━┷━┷━┷━┷━┷━┷━┛
+VEX (2-byte prefix)                         AVX (2008/2011)          VEX (3-byte prefix)                AVX (2008/2011)
+- R extends register bits                                            - R extends register bits
+- v encodes additional source register                               - X extends index in SIB byte
+- L selects vector length (0: 128bit | 1: 256bit)                    - B extends base in SIB byte
+- p encodes mandatory prefixes                                       - m encodes escape bytes (1: 0F | 2: 0F38 | 3: 0F3A)
+  (0: none | 1: 66 | 2: F2 | 3: F3)                                  - W extends operand size
+- escape byte 0F implied (legacy map 1)                              - v encodes additional source register
+                                                                     - L selects vector length (0: 128bit, 1: 256bit)                
+                                                                     - p encodes mandatory prefixes
+                                                                       (0: none | 1: 66 | 2: F2 | 3: F3)
+
+
+┏━┯━┯━┯━┯━┯━┯━┯━┳━┯━┯━┯━┯━┯━┯━┯━┳━┯━┯━┯━┯━┯━┯━┯━┳━┯━┯━┯━┯━┯━┯━┯━┓          Notes:
+┃0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0┃Ṙ Ẋ Ḃ Ṙ B m m m┃W ⩒ ⩒ ⩒ ⩒ Ẋ p p┃z Ŀ L b ⩒ a a a┃          - years after the instruction set extension  
+┗━┷━┷━┷━┷━┷━┷━┷━┻━┷━┷━┷━┷━┷━┷━┷━┻━┷━┷━┷━┷━┷━┷━┷━┻━┷━┷━┷━┷━┷━┷━┷━┛            denote when it was first announced/shipped       
+EVEX (4-byte prefix)                    AVX-512 (2013/2017)                - letters with a dot above denote that the   
+- R extends register bits                                                    prefix contains the bit in inverted form   
+- X extends index in SIB byte                                              - the diagram elides escape bytes D8 til DF  
+- B extends base in SIB byte                                               - the EVEX prefix has additional variations  
+- m encodes escape bytes (1: 0F | 2: 0F38 | 3: 0F3A)                         not shown here for encoding                
+- W extends operand size                                                     - VEX instructions                         
+- v encodes additional source register                                       - legacy instructions                      
+- p encodes mandatory prefixes (0: none | 1: 66 | 2: F2 | 3: F3)             - conditional CMP/TEST                     
+- z selects merge mode (0: zero | 1: merge)                                
+- Ŀ selects vector length (512bit) or rounding control mode (with L)       
+- L selects vector length (256bit)
+- b encodes source broadcast or rounding control (with Ŀ and L) or exception suppression
+</div>
diff --git a/_languages/alasca/classes-values.md b/_languages/alasca/classes-values.md
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 ---
 title:  "Alasca: Classes and Values"
 date:   2018-08-31 12:00:00 +0200
+published: false
 ---
 
 - `class`: reference type

diff --git a/_languages/alasca/collections.md b/_languages/alasca/collections.md
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 ---
 title:  "Alasca: Collections"
 date:   2018-08-31 12:00:00 +0200
+published: false
 ---
 
 - collections are immutable
@@ -35,4 +36,4 @@ value SizeInfo
   object Unknown
   value Known(Size)
   value Bounded(Size)
-```
+```
diff --git a/_languages/alasca/conditions.md b/_languages/alasca/conditions.md
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 ---
 title:  "Alasca: Conditions"
 date:   2018-08-31 12:00:00 +0200
+published: false
 ---
 
 See [Unified Condition Syntax](https://soc.github.io/languages/unified-condition-syntax).
diff --git a/_languages/alasca/functions.md b/_languages/alasca/functions.md
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 ---
 title:  "Alasca: Functions"
 date:   2018-08-31 12:00:00 +0200
+published: false
 ---
 
 - zero or one paramemter list

diff --git a/_languages/alasca/identity-equality-hashcode.md b/_languages/alasca/identity-equality-hashcode.md
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 ---
 title:  "Alasca: Identity, Equality and Hashcode"
 date:   2018-08-31 12:00:00 +0200
+published: false
 ---
 
 All values and non-open classes receive a default implementation of equality and identity.

diff --git a/_languages/alasca/keywords.md b/_languages/alasca/keywords.md
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 ---
 title:  "Alasca: Keywords"
 date:   2018-09-07 12:00:00 +0200
+published: false
 ---
 
 **6 letters** namespaces – declaring namespaces and bringing namespaces into scope:
@@ -15,6 +16,7 @@ date:   2018-09-07 12:00:00 +0200
 - `value` (value types)
 - `alias` (type aliases)
 - `with` ("extends")
+- `enum`
 
 **4 letters** control flow:
 

diff --git a/_languages/alasca/modifiers.md b/_languages/alasca/modifiers.md
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 ---
 title:  "Alasca: Modifiers"
 date:   2018-09-07 12:00:00 +0200
+published: false
 ---
 
 All modifiers start with an `@` sign and are placed on the preceding line of the element they annotate.

diff --git a/_languages/alasca/modules.md b/_languages/alasca/modules.md
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 ---
 title:  "Alasca: Modules"
 date:   2018-08-31 12:00:00 +0200
+published: false
 ---
 
 Modules contain funs, lets, vars, classes, values, and other modules. 

diff --git a/_languages/alasca/standard-library.md b/_languages/alasca/standard-library.md
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 ---
 title:  "Alasca: Standard Library"
 date:   2018-08-31 12:00:00 +0200
+published: false
 ---
 
 Ordered from necessary to convenient:
@@ -136,4 +137,4 @@ object std.regex   // important enough for top-level?
 ```
 // "every element except the last one!"
 loop(i < arr.length - 1)
-// arr.length - 1 == -1 if arr is empty
+// arr.length - 1 == -1 if arr is empty
diff --git a/_languages/alasca/streams.md b/_languages/alasca/streams.md
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 ---
 title:  "Alasca: Streams"
 date:   2018-09-31 12:00:00 +0200
+published: false
 ---
 
 

diff --git a/_languages/alasca/string-text.md b/_languages/alasca/string-text.md
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 ---
 title:  "Alasca: String and Text"
 date:   2018-08-31 12:00:00 +0200
+published: false
 ---
 
 #### String

diff --git a/_languages/alasca/syntax-overview.md b/_languages/alasca/syntax-overview.md
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 ---
 title:  "Alasca: Syntax Overview"
 date:   2018-08-31 12:00:00 +0200
+published: false
 ---
 
 ```scala

diff --git a/_languages/alasca/traits-sealed-enum.md b/_languages/alasca/traits-sealed-enum.md
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 ---
 title:  "Alasca: Traits, Sealed Traits and Enum Traits"
 date:   2018-08-31 12:00:00 +0200
+published: false
 ---
 
 #### Traits

diff --git a/_languages/alasca/typeclasses.md b/_languages/alasca/typeclasses.md
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 ---
 title:  "Alasca: Typeclasses"
 date:   2018-08-31 12:00:00 +0200
+published: false
 ---
 
 ```scala

diff --git a/_languages/alasca/visibility-exports.md b/_languages/alasca/visibility-exports.md
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 ---
 title:  "Alasca: Visibility and Exports"
 date:   2018-08-31 12:00:00 +0200
+published: false
 ---
 
 - open modules: namespace to place files, at the top of source files

diff --git a/_languages/annotations-obsolete-modifiers-attempts.md b/_languages/annotations-obsolete-modifiers-attempts.md
@@ -3,9 +3,7 @@ title:  "Language Design: Annotations Obsolete Modifiers – Failed Attempts"
 date:   2021-12-15 14:00:00 +0200
 ---
 
-#### Failed Attempts
-
-##### Kotlin
+#### Kotlin
 
 Kotlin [gave up on it](https://blog.jetbrains.com/kotlin/2015/08/modifiers-vs-annotations/), as they couldn't figure out
 how to recognize annotation usages as early in the compiler pipeline as modifiers previously.
@@ -14,7 +12,8 @@ This lead to the determination that modifiers (without the prefix `@`) had to st
 able to omit the prefix `@`, leading to inconsistencies.
 
 
-##### Ceylon
+#### Ceylon
 
 Ceylon tried the route in which [everything is an annotation, but looks like a modifier (i. e. without prefix `@`)](https://ceylon-lang.org/documentation/1.3/reference/structure/annotation/).
+
 This made it hard to distinguish between important keywords, and less important annotations.